Ética do impossível: um estudo da justiça a partir de Derrida e Levinas

Abstract

This study proposes a comparative analysis about the concepts of justice and ethics alterity developed by Jacques Derrida and Emmanuel Levinas, in order of a discussion about ethics' im/ possibility. The general objective is to analyze the possibility of thinking a certain absence in the discourse about justice. The thesis' central problem is configured as the follow way: if the third issue is the justice in Levinas and if the third is present in relationship with others, it can be state that the third is a certain absence in the Derridian's sense, of the other's presence? If yes, what possible consequences could be identified in the ethical dimension? Consequently, is it possibly to say that ethics is impossible since the justice is a certain impossible's experience? Through an interpretive analysis of the major works of the referred authors, will be presented as well the bases for understanding, if it is possible, of Derridian's deconstruction, as the development of some Levinasian thought's central points for the purpose to establish some relationships of approach and /or distance of the studied authors. This study is justified by the need always urgent to rethink the conditions of the ethics' possibility, to think again not only in the imposed limits, but explore the structure that makes the ethics possible: the justice, the responsibility and the own act on the decision. Is observed the responsible decision only happens in the meeting's occurrence (face to face). The decision's moment, the ethical's moment, is independent of knowledge and implies a break with the classical calculation logic. In the meeting with the other, the absolutely any other, the justice happens in the own experience, and not as a deployment of regulations and laws that eliminate the other's singularity, whereby the other's absence is precisely their presence as other. An absence that is not simply as a distant presence, delayed or ideality of the representation, but an absence calls to the responsibility. The answer to the other, in the absence/presence, is configured as unlimited hospitality, as a gift; a response that is given to another.