Cosmopolíticas da Pachamama em pessoa: a constitucionalização dos direitos de outros-que-humanos no Equador

Abstract

In the context of the Anthropocene crises, I address the onto-epistemic challenges to the establishment of non-strictly utilitarian relations with nature. The dualist ontology - which limited it to a resource - justifies its destruction by economic development, a common good determined by the State. This imposition integrates not only environmental but also ontological conflicts. The modern world, which claims the right to be unique, has waged a war against ontologies that do not operate through the separation of humans and other-than-humans. In resistance, relational worlds challenge the monopoly of defining what is the common good and what, in its name, can be sacrificed. Taking as a basis and as a starting point the constitutionalized experience in Ecuador, which guaranteed their own and unconditional rights to nature and Pachamama, I argue that, although these entities have been included in the law as synonyms, they are not or may not be the same. Taking into account the possibility of the existence of radical differences, in cosmopolitical terms, is a bet that dissident practices can negotiate alternative commons, in alliance for other possible world. I divide this thesis into two parts that can be read independently. In the first one, because the analyzes of the Constitution of Ecuador place it as an expression of a transition from anthropocentrism to biocentrism or ecocentrism, I try to explain what these descriptions presuppose and imply. The Second Part is dedicated to the political precedents that contributed to the arrival of Pachamama in the Constitution and the equivocations that can emerge from the dialogue between different perspectives, understood as ontologies or worlds.