http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/1596 PPG Filosofia Tue, 07 Apr 2026 13:41:26 GMT 2026-04-07T13:41:26Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13919 Justiça e economia: ética, economia e normatividade no pensamento de Amartya Sen Flores, Mateus Soares This paper aims to reflect on the problems involving existing economic injustices. Given the characteristics of the current world, with its rapid changes and increasingly complex issues, adequate normative theories are necessary so that we can reflect and find reasonable solutions to various situations that involve ethical and economic matters requiring deeper reflection and more objective analysis. In this sense, this paper seeks to analyze the conceptions of justice and the economic thought developed by Amartya Sen, an Indian economist and philosopher widely recognized for his contributions to development economics, political philosophy, and ethics. For the purposes of this study, his conception of justice as presented in his work The Idea of Justice (2009) will be analyzed. In the first part of this work, the main characteristics and foundations of this theory are highlighted, as well as its advantages in relation to preceding conceptions of justice. The author’s argumentative structure is based on the premise that a rational and reasonable theory must serve as a basis for matters of practical rationality. For this, it must be capable of providing both objective evaluation criteria that help identify existing injustices and of reflecting on appropriate means for reducing various injustices and expanding situations of justice. This line of argument leads the Indian philosopher to take a path directly opposed to more traditional conceptions of justice, which focus on seeking and determining a characterization of perfectly just societies and institutions. Likewise, in the second and third parts of this work, the aim is to analyze and reflect on certain characteristics of Sen’s economic thought. To this end, we will focus on the works On Ethics and Economics (Sen, 1976), Development as Freedom (Sen, 1998), as well as articles and dissertations by commentators. Essentially, the second part argues that the economic thought presented by the Indian philosopher differs from many more traditional economic views that reduce the evaluation of the economy to its efficiency and wealth creation, treating such mechanisms as self-sufficient. Finally, we analyze how Sen’s work provides reasonable normative frameworks for the evaluation of problems of economic justice. Sun, 20 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13919 2025-07-20T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13786 O argumento cosmológico de Tomás de Aquino: uma defesa contemporânea da racionalidade da crença teísta Silva, Izaias Bernardo Monteiro da The problem of God’s existence is one of the most fundamental questions in philosophy. Doubt regarding divine reality can create unease for both the theist and the atheist, prompting the search for rational answers. In the context of the Western philosophical tradition, Thomas Aquinas developed one of the most influential arguments in defense of God’s existence: the cosmological argument. Grounded in AristotelianThomistic metaphysics, this argument seeks to demonstrate, from observation of the sensible world, the logical necessity of a Necessary Being as the ultimate cause of all that exists. This research aims to critically analyze Aquinas’s cosmological argument, its metaphysical foundations, and its relevance to the philosophy of religion. It examines the metaphysics of act and potency that underpins its structure and explores the first three ways presented in the Summa Theologiae and the Summa contra Gentiles, which address motion, efficient causality, and contingency and necessity. Furthermore, it investigates the main divine attributes inferred from this demonstration—such as simplicity, eternity, omnipotence, omniscience, goodness, immutability, and creative causality—showing their compatibility with the Christian theistic tradition. The study also considers major criticisms of the cosmological argument, especially those raised by Immanuel Kant, Bertrand Russell, and Anthony Kenny, who question the validity of inferring a necessary being from empirical experience. These objections are confronted with contemporary defenses, including those by Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Cornelio Fabro, and William Lane Craig, who reaffirm the argument’s philosophical coherence and its compatibility with recent scientific findings. Methodologically, the study follows a bibliographical and analytical approach, drawing from the works of Aquinas and contemporary authors. Even after centuries of debate, the cosmological argument remains influential in defending the existence of God. It concludes that the Thomistic argumentative structure remains valid and provides a solid rational foundation for theistic belief, demonstrating that faith and reason are not mutually exclusive but complementary in the search for ultimate truth. Its continued relevance today is justified by the solidity of its metaphysical foundation and its capacity to engage with contemporary philosophical and scientific questions, offering a rational response to the problem of the origin and contingency of the universe, in harmony with the theistic tradition and open to interphilosophical dialogue. Tue, 15 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13786 2025-04-15T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13752 Massificação e burocracia: gênese do totalitarismo à luz do pensamento arendtiano Costa, Thainá Junges Hannah Arendt, a German political philosopher of Jewish descent, experienced the rise of Nazism and analyzed phenomena such as massification and bureaucracy-tools used by certain politicians to dismantle traditional social and political structures, paving the way for the imposition of totalitarian ideologies. Given this context, this study poses the following research question: How do social massification and bureaucracy produce and sustain totalitarianism? To address this issue, a bibliographic methodology will be employed, drawing on articles and works related to the topic, primarily Hannah Arendt’s writings, especially The Origins of Totalitarianism (2012), Eichmann in Jerusalem: a Report on the Banality of Evil (1999), and The Human Condition (2007). This topic is considered relevant as it seeks to understand past political and social issues that remain pertinent today. Additionally, the study aims to explore how massification occurs, how bureaucracy can become dangerous, how both together lead to an alienated society, the role of propaganda in totalitarian politics, and the point at which prejudice ceases to be merely a negative social pattern and becomes a state weapon. Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13752 2025-04-04T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13750 O espaço geográfico como categoria filosófica: um estudo do problema do espaço em Milton Santos à luz da filosofia do trabalho de Simone Weil Santos, Matheus Henrique dos Like all the main categories of philosophical thought, space is an irresolute question. In recent centuries, Newton (empty and absolute space) and Einstein (spacetime relative to the curvature of a field) have stood out in questioning a problem that is still open, namely the ontology of space. Apart from the epistemological aspect of the problem, in terms of the nature and reality of its exteriority and/or total character, it is less clear how it is approached in conjunction with human action, in the process of overlapping between a social nature and a physical nature. In view of this, geographical space (systems of objects and actions), which for Milton Santos is a medium constructed in the work by technique, directs an interpretation of space-time that looks to philosophy for an understanding of nature that becomes social and, through this, contains an immaterial causality within itself. In order to understand its assumption as a philosophical category, we emphasize that socio-spatial formation, dialectically understood, invests itself as a material and ordered structure for thought and, at the same time, is subject to the possibility of the subject's open transformation with the world. For Simone Weil, work has a privileged place in this contradictory duality between subject and matter, as it is the key aspect for understanding the problem of knowledge through the sense of transformation of reality and the realization of human life in society. Thus, at the intersection of the passive character of being affected by exteriority and the active character of trying to dominate it, understanding finds in the extensive action of the body a living participation imprinted in space. The product of work imprints a relationship with necessity which, for Weil, is what indicates the true order of reality; therefore, it is in the space produced that the possibility of access to things in themselves is made. It is said that when the subject is alienated from the meaning of their work and their construction of society as a spatio-temporal reality, the possibility of true knowledge and the assumption of value is lost or hypostasized based on an order of power given by specific social forces. It is understood that this research makes it possible, based on a return to the concept of geographical space as a philosophical category (initiated by Milton Santos at the V ENG in 1982 in Porto Alegre), to breathe life into problems not only of an ontological and epistemic nature, such as the contradictions between mind and matter, subject and object, reason and experience, but also ethical and political ones, such as those relating to the problems of freedom and determinism, whether at a social level (in the guise of alienation and domination) or at the level of the inherently human condition in the face of the world. Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13750 2025-03-28T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13749 Sincronias entre a medicina grega e o pensamento filosófico: os pré-socráticos e Nietzsche Giulianis, Marco Antonio Montagner This research, entitled “Synchronies between Greek Medicine and Philosophical Thought: The Pre-Socratics and Nietzsche”, seeks to explore the relationship between philosophy and medicine, based on the assumption that this connection can be elucidated by investigating its roots in Ancient Greece. The research will be structured in two main moments: first, the relationship between philosophy and medicine in Greek Antiquity will be analyzed, focusing on pre-Socratic thought and the Corpus Hippocraticum, which underpins Hippocratic medicine; second, the reception of this relationship in Friedrich Nietzsche’s thought will be investigated, especially his reflections on the body, health and illness, and his critique of Socratic rationalism. These two moments aim to provide an in-depth understanding of the origins of this relationship and its resignification in contemporary philosophy. Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13749 2025-02-28T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13748 A relação entre existência e transcendência em Simone Weil: a percepção, o trabalho e a leitura como possibilidades de acesso ao Bem Kayser, Letícia This research aims to understand how Simone Weil (1909-1943), through her investigations into perception, work and the notion of reading, developed in one of her last texts, tries to explain the relationship between existence and transcendence. We understand that this problem involves the author formulating a synthesis between materialism and idealism in which the dialectical relationship between spirit and matter is seen as being subject to a transcendent order consisting of the Good itself. Therefore, to question the precedence of matter for thought is a mistake, just as reducing the subject to matter or enclosing the inclination and possibility of the Good in the domain of material things is. Based on this, he analyzes the active participation of the spirit in knowledge that occurs through perception, especially perception in work. This, in turn, allows us to know this materiality that surrounds us and which is constituted as a necessity, in the same way that it allows human beings to recreate their conditions of existence. Work also has a spiritual function in that it awakens individuals to their real condition, which is not one of domination of things, but of obedience and conformity to the same order that governs matter. Finally, he presents the notion of reading, through which he reinserts the supernatural into the world. The notion of reading that he presents is analogous to textual reading, which is why it is given this name. The world is like a text and the mind must actively receive the meanings hidden in objects. This process is active because it irrevocably involves the body, since it is related to work. It is through this that objects are understood not as ends in themselves, but as signs of this supernatural reality. Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13748 2025-03-31T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13528 Platão e Freud: uma análise conceitual entre teorias sobre o amor Pastore, Isadora Baldi This dissertation aims to deepen the analysis of the concept of Eros in Plato's Symposium, fostering a dialogue between classical and contemporary authors in order to understand how Freudian psychoanalysis found fertile ground to integrate this concept into the description of human psyche phenomena. The investigation begins with an exposition of Plato's Theory of Forms, highlighting the importance of Eros as a driving force of desire and the pursuit of beauty and goodness, as outlined in the work. Next, the analysis focuses on Diotima's speech, which presents Eros as a manifestation of desire and lack, symbolized through myth. From this philosophical foundation, the dissertation proceeds to examine Freud's contributions, exploring how Freud adapted these concepts to understand the processes of libido and the dynamics of love within the psychoanalytic framework. Through a detailed comparison of Plato's and Freud's approaches, the study seeks to highlight the convergences and divergences that reveal the complexity of Eros as a fundamental concept in both philosophy and psychoanalysis. Tue, 26 Nov 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13528 2024-11-26T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13527 Entre a verdade da ciência e a ciência da verdade: [re]pensando a recepção heideggeriana da noção moderna de ciência Schessof, Gabriel The present dissertation aims to discuss and explore the relationship between science and the notion of truth, with the main reference being the thought of the german philosopher Martin Heidegger (1889-1976). We work with the hypothesis that modern sciences do not have as part of their methodological horizon a concern with explaining and even understanding what it means when we say that something (normally a judgment) is true. Although we easily conceive that the scientific methodology developed since modernity is capable of grounding the truth of propositions or judgments, this same methodology does not include a moment of reflection and discussion aimed at fixing the conceptual sense of the notion of truth. In light of this problem, the research is divided into three parts. In the first, we aim to sustain that some reflections on the relationship between philosophy and science, considering two main objectives: i) we intend to argue that Heidegger's thought presents a position that is not essentially positive, but also not strictly hostile to the sciences, as is commonly interpreted; and ii) we intend to demonstrate how philosophical reflection on fundamental concepts (Grundbegriffe) implies and appears in the methodology of the sciences (regarding its origin, its results, limits, and presuppositions), despite their autonomy and independence from philosophy, particularly sparked in the mid XIX century. In the second part, we aim to sustain that the traditional philosophical notion of truth as adaequatio (adequacy or agreement between judgments and objects) is the prominent notion in scientific discourse. We will do this by presenting how Heidegger compreheend that the traditional notion of truth reaches its development in the history of philosophy and remains uncontested even in central modern philosophers for the subsequent methodological achievements of science, from which follows the common and insufficient conception of science as the totality established through an interconnection of true propositions. In the third and final part, we aim to elucidate and evaluate Heidegger's approach to the concept of agreement. We will show that this approach is primarily situated in Being and Time as the task of thinking the unconcealment as the originating phenomenon of truth. Here, philosophical inquiry into the sense of truth is linked to the endeavor of existential analytics of Dasein, precisely because the true, according to Heidegger's understanding, would be an implication of one of its modes of being (it would be an existential rather than a mere cognitive capacity). In summary, we seek the approximation and dialogue of this level of existential truth, which goes beyond the scope of the natural sciences, with the propositional – whose truth value can be grounded by them. Fri, 05 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13527 2024-04-05T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13217 Implicações ético-políticas da arte em Walter Benjamin e Giorgio Agamben Silveira, Denise Narli da Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13217 2024-03-27T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13216 Fetichismo e ideologia na distorção da biotecnologia: um estudo a partir de Marx Beck, Bernardo Freiberger In this work, I talk about how biotechnology in food production is distorted. By this I refer to the way we are led to perceive and treat the development and application of practices originating from biotechnology. In particular, I am referring to genetically modified organisms. Starting from a Marxist framework, I explain that there are two primary forms of distortion identified by Marx. The first is fetishism and refers to the attribution of properties to something without this something actually possessing them but appearing to possess them by itself. The second is ideology and refers to the thinking of the ruling class that becomes generalized, making the interests and thoughts of maintaining current sociability become the interest of everyone. I address how these two forms of distortion manifest themselves in technology in general, in sequence. Fetishism manifests itself in technology, causing changes in society to be attributed to technique and technology and not to the events of social magnitude that give rise to technology. Ideology acts on technology, causing the process of adopting techniques to be seen as neutral and alien to the internal tension of the sociability itself that originates this process of technical development. Additionally, the ideology propagates the idea that we live in an exceptional era guided by reason and technical innovation. Finally, I address how these two forms of distortion manifest themselves in biotechnology for food production. Fetishism works by making genetically modified organisms seen as themselves causing improvements in the relationship between production and the environment by their supporters and as causing environmental and social damage by their opponents. In both cases, social properties and powers are attributed to the biotechnology that generates transgenics in order to characterize the fetish. The ideology causes genetically modified organisms to be treated as a purely rationa option to achieve the good of the population as a whole, thus hiding the influence of sociability behind their origin and application. As a main conclusion, I indicate that any discussion about genetically modified organisms and biotechnology cannot be centered solely on their immediate product, but rather on the complex range of factors determining technical development. Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13216 2024-04-01T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12966 Psychologismusstreit and Edmund Husserl: the reception of psychologism in Prolegomena zur reinen Logik Ribolli, Alex Fri, 24 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12966 2023-11-24T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12829 A potência do imaginário e a democracia no pensamento de Cornelius Castoriadis Silva, Manoel Binoni Bandeira da The proposition of this dissertation is to analyze the theoretical construct of the philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis, on the importance of the imaginary in the formation of humanity and in the constitution of society. In this path, the imaginary also focuses on the creation and emergence of different forms of social management, but mainly on the generation of the democratic regime. Another relevant aspect is the approach to the role of the imaginary power on the constitution of the psyche and the development in the formation of the singular psyche, as well as the configuration of the collective psyche and the emergence of the social-historical. The central goal of this research is to understand the reach of the imaginary power in the creation of the totality of meanings and the incidence to propitiate transformations in democracy. The methodology used in this investigation is, essentially, a bibliographic review. The study reaffirms that all creations of humanity are forged by the power of the imaginary and the power of imagination is imagination itself. Still, it´s possible to say that society and, consequently, the social individual, are in a continuous movement of transformation due to the incidence of the radical imaginary and the instituting imaginary. Therefore, the democratic institution, being unfinished, can be improved to guarantee the collective participation of the members of society so that they can create their own laws. Castoriadis believes in direct democracy as an ideal model of social participation, as it gives management power to all members of society. Wed, 27 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12829 2023-09-27T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12828 Responsabilidade moral em Strawson: atitudes reativas e moralidade social Alves, Lyon P.F. Strawson (1919-2006), an analytic philosopher and Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at Oxford, became very influential in discussions on moral responsibility, especially because of his famous article Freedom and Resentment, in which he dialogues with two positions, namely the pessimists and optimists (roughly speaking, incompatibilists and compatibilists), who differ on the validity of the practices of punishment, condemnation and moral approval, from the centrality of the determinist thesis. Therefore, as proposed by both parties, the terms of the discussion center on responsibility, freedom, and determinism. However, Strawson wants to analyze the question in another ground, which he calls the “field of non-distanced relations”. From this common field of relations, he argues that the problem lies in the possibility of knowing something as a general thesis of determinism. To expose what he argues to be a misunderstood problem within his analytic context, Strawson wrote two articles: Freedom and Resentment (1960) and Social Morality and Individual Ideal (1961). In them, the London philosopher exposes everything he has to say on the subject of morality. The present dissertation aims to elucidate the connection between both of Strawson's moral articles in light of his philosophical conception, thus enabling the correct approach to what he argues to be the domain of non-distanced relations and the gap he identifies in both positions. The research method will be through bibliographical analysis of the following works: Freedom and Resentment, Social Morality and Individual Ideal, Analysis and Metaphysics: an introduction to philosophy and Skepticism and Naturalism: some varieties. The analyses allow us to assert that Strawson is interested in addressing an underlying problem within human relationships, and this is the outcome of his philosophical stance, which results in the reconsideration (reinterpretation) of historical philosophical problems. Therefore, both articles are part of a single movement, which is to consider moral responsibility as a complex triadic relationship (epistemology, ontology, and logic). In summary, it can be indicated that the thesis of reactive attitudes inserts a metaphysical reinterpretation to the question of responsibility, and that the author uses two terms, namely attitude and reaction, in order to explore the inadequate conceptual assumption that pessimists and optimists impose on the discussion. Tue, 22 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12828 2023-08-22T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12640 A narrativa do inimigo e a guerra civil como dispositivos biopolíticos de governo e controle de populações Vilão, Carolini Dellavalle The aim of this dissertation is to elucidate how the concept of enemy is a narrative constructed by those in power to legitimize an authoritarian government intervention against its citizens. In view of this, the problem question that is intended to be answered is: to what extent is the construction of a narrative about the enemy fundamental for the civil war to be a paradigm of government? By way of conclusion, the hypothesis raised will be confirmed, that is, that in current democracies the enemy's narrative is crucial to legitimize the legal civil war, which is a biopolitical device of control and that from it the State has more strength, while citizens lose their rights. In the first chapter, an analysis is carried out on the consequences of enmity in the legal system based on the thinking of Gunther Jokobs and later, the criticisms made to him by Raúl Zaffaroni are analyzed. It is important to understand in this problem who decides on the enemy and how he is recognized in society, this analysis is done through the study of Carl Schmitt's thought. In the second chapter, based on the thought of Giorgio Agamben, a study is made on how enmity legitimates the legal civil war and strengthens that exceptional practices enter the legal system. Finally, in the last chapter, it is clarified that the state of exception at its peak creates anomic spaces such as fields, which are updated in various ways in modernity. In addition, we present a study of the criticism made by Achille Mbembe to the concept of enmity, addressing how war has always occurred in the colonies and how the great “enemies” are currently individuals who have always been marginalized throughout history.” are currently individuals who have always been marginalized throughout history; Lo scopo di questa ricerca è chiarire come il concetto di nemico sia una narrazione costruita da chi è al potere per legittimare un intervento autoritario del governo contro i suoi cittadini. In considerazione di ciò, la domanda problema a cui si vuole rispondere è: in che misura la costruzione di una narrazione sul nemico è fondamentale perché la guerra civile sia un paradigma di governo? In conclusione, verrà confermata l'ipotesi sollevata, e cioè che nelle attuali democrazie la narrazione del nemico è cruciale per legittimare la guerra civile legale, che è un dispositivo biopolitico di controllo e che da essa lo Stato ha più forza, mentre i cittadini perdere i propri diritti. Nel primo capitolo si analizzano le conseguenze dell'inimicizia nell'ordinamento giuridico sulla base del pensiero di Gunther Jokobs e successivamente si analizzano le critiche mossegli da Raúl Zaffaroni. È importante capire in questo problema chi decide sul nemico e come viene riconosciuto nella società, questa analisi viene fatta attraverso lo studio del pensiero di Carl Schmitt. Nel secondo capitolo, basato sul pensiero di Giorgio Agamben, si studia come l'inimicizia legittima la guerra civile legale e rafforza l'ingresso di pratiche eccezionali nell'ordinamento giuridico. Infine, nell'ultimo capitolo, si chiarisce che lo stato di eccezione al suo apice crea spazi anomici come i campi, che si aggiornano in vario modo nella modernità. Inoltre, presentiamo uno studio della critica mossa da Achille Mbembe al concetto di inimicizia, affrontando come la guerra sia sempre avvenuta nelle colonie e come i grandi “nemici” siano attualmente individui che sono sempre stati emarginati nel corso della storia. Tue, 28 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12640 2023-03-28T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12555 Filosofia das emoções de Martha Nussbaum : cognitivismo, ação e florescimento humano Carvalho, Gian Mafalda de For the American philosopher Martha Nussbaum (1947-), to omit from philosophical investigation (mainly in moral, social and personal terms) assertive considerations about emotions is to neglect an important adjunct to the approach to philosophical problems. Therefore, the present text aims to analyze Nussbaum's arguments about emotions in detail, in order to answer pertinent questions in philosophy. First, we will point out his definition of emotion: emotions are evaluations of value in the face of an object perceived in the world, and that this is only possible due to its cognitive nature, that is, intrinsically capable of formulating propositional beliefs that not only make sense, but are part of important in the emotional agent's scheme of values, thus being eudaimonic, or a contribution to human flourishing. Second, we will demonstrate how emotions, therefore, have a lot to tell us about morality. If emotions, according to the philosopher, are evaluations, they can help in evaluations pertinent to good and justice. Emotions such as compassion, love and indignation give us important information and motivations that guide our actions. Finally, I will carry out an analytical approach to the emotion of compassion which, in Nussbaum's theory, has a central aspect, as it is a key emotion for moral, social and personal action. According to the author, emotions shape the landscape of our lives, therefore, clarifying them is necessary to direct us towards human flourishing. Mon, 17 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12555 2023-04-17T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12521 Emoções cognitivas: Nussbaum e o neoestoicismo Dal’alba, Theilor Lorini This writing aims to present the theory of cognitive emotions of Martha Nussbaum and arouse the pertinent questions towards it. In order to do so, the bibliographical research will be the method chosen aligned with the referential book Upheavals of Thought (2008). The writing itself will be a decriptive one combining the author’s justifications along with the proposal’s supportive authors. Nussbaum claims a reavaluation of the stoic’s theory of emotions so it can include non-human animals and children in a eudaimonic-evaluative cognitivist theory. Therefore, she resorts to science and psychology thinkers, such as Seligman, Lazarus, Damasio, Ledoux, Stern and Winnicott. Nussbaum’s definition of emotions, based on Chrysippus’ theory, is the main object of this paper work and the consequent questions, as well as the author’s premises, will be discussed with objections and exemplifications. By the end of this writing we intend to ponder over the author’s conceptual rigorosity, its contributions and the aspects needed of improvement. Nussbaum can be considered an important contributor to the handling of emotions that are social and about the world, that reveal values, whereas she might benefit from a more rigorous treatment with her reinterpretation of logos and the assessments of non-cognitivist theories and their claims. Emotions are rich sources of philosophical analysis and should be taken as such in the pursuit of a humane society and human flourishing. Thu, 09 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12521 2023-03-09T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12516 Sobre a propriedade e servidão em Duns Scotus: questões acerca de uma teoria moral e de justiça Horn, Júlia Sant’ Anna The debate on the problem of slavery has been present in our society since the ancient philosophers, being interpreted from the most different perspectives, therefore aiming at the study and analysis of the concept of servitude from a medieval perspective, this work proposes to discuss the theme from the concept of property, used by the Franciscan scholastic philosopher João Duns Scotus (+/-1265– 1308). To this end, this work will not be used under the pretext of justification or acceptance of such acts, however, the study aims to analyze how the philosopher understands the concept of servitude and how it is a problem of moral philosophy; this study will use the work Ordinatio IV, more precisely in the distinction 15 questions 2 and 3 of the Doctor Subtilis, to which the author develops a theory of property and justice. Therefore, the method to be used in the study will be based on primary sources of reading, in addition to the use of secondary sources, as commentators in order to deepen the understanding of the discussion addressed by Scotus, since his writings are difficult to access and that the most of his texts have not been translated and are available only through his manuscripts, and writings of other thinkers (such as Saint Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle), with the purpose of deepening the understanding of Scotus' work, since it uses of these philosophers as a source of inspiration in their studies. In addition, the work aims to better discuss the topic the use of a practical philosophical case of sacred marriage, since servitude for the author has an understanding within the field of property. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to conceptualize the understanding given by the philosopher João Duns Scotus about property in servitude, whether this is a predicate of his identity (servant) or of his work; and as specific objectives, for a better understanding of such thought, (i) to analyze the three modes of servitude (voluntary, by punishment and by vocation) developed by Scotus; (ii) to investigate the theory of justice developed by Scotus; and (iii) to use the relationship of sacred marriage as a case problem for understanding the limitation (if any) of servile property. Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12516 2023-02-28T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12515 A vida administrada do animal laborans no contexto contemporâneo: reflexões a partir de Hannah Arendt Amaral, Janice This work aims to investigate the administered life of homo laborans and the possibility of action, using as the research foundation Hannah Arendt's work “The Human Condition” as well as the concepts of labor, action and work, seeking to evaluate how we can think about these concepts in terms of how the dimension of active life could be seen as autonomous and free. We will present the ideas of Lazzarato, philosopher and sociologist, to discuss the administered life in contemporaneity and to compare with Arendt's ideas, concluding that the perspective that action and freedom are only possible in the public sphere is insufficient to understand the complex relationships between the individual, work, and society in contemporaneity. Tue, 11 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12515 2023-04-11T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12514 O conceito de amor em Hannah Arendt: da perspectiva agostiniana ao amor mundi Oliveira, Elciene Alves Ferreira de In this paper the concept of love in Hannah Arendt is discussed: from the Augustinian perspective to "amor mundi", investigating the presence of this theme from her first writing: "The Concept of love in Saint Augustinian”, moving on to other writings such as: "The Human Condition" and "Origins of Totalitarianism"; and, Augustine's writings like "Confessions". In addition, comments on these writings regarding the proposition of the theme, its developments and relevance, were analyzed. In addition, an analysis of three forms of love as an expression of love for the world and how they are reflected in the writings was carried out, verifying how the author qualifies the concept of love, in the context of Augustinian philosophy, resizing it to a new form to love: “amor mundi”. We analyzed these three forms of love: love as desire, in the reach of perennial good, insecure; love of neighbor, turned to God, to others and to oneself and; amor caritas, higher and turned towards the Eternal, incorruptible. In the latter, the perspective of a world that becomes a space for all connections in the promotion of social and political ethics is discussed, under the responsibility of getting involved with the other, with oneself and with one's surroundings. Still, love in socio-political relationships was discussed, conceiving a world that can be re-signified in the context of the public sphere, seeking to emphasize the value of recognition, reconciliation and forgiveness. When analyzing the work "Origins of Totalitarianism", we emphasize that in the context of anti-Semitism, imperialism and totalitarianism, there are no perspectives of care for the world, as a space for everyone resulting from a political action of understanding, respect and responsibility for the common space to all men. In "The Human Condition”, “amor mundi” in vita activa was discussed, presenting the world in three dimensions: the natural space of the work, as a human artifice through the work and, as an apparent world, through the political action of men. As for the results achieved in this research, it was verified, in the work of Hannah Arendt, influences of the Augustinian philosophy and the presence of the conception of “amor mundi” as responsibility for the world. Tue, 11 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12514 2023-04-11T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12230 O pensamento heideggeriano em diálogo com a psicanálise freudo-lacaniana Santos, José Jacques dos This dissertation investigates the relationships that can be traced between some selected points from Heidegger's work and others selected from Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysis. Due to the vastness of Heidegger's theoretical production, the dissertation focuses on points raised in Ernildo Stein's work, where the possible proximity of the philosopher's work with psychoanalysis at certain points will be detailed. We will show that Heidegger's criticisms of Freudian theories and even of psychoanalytic methodology stem from a certain lack of knowledge on the part of the philosopher that Freud is dealing with the phenomenon of the analytic setting, which imposes itself as the fundamental element of psychoanalysis. We argue that the Heideggerian construct Dasein incorporates a new way of thinking about man and his world. The concept of being-in-the-world reworks the position of the human being, consequently modifying the concepts of psyche, psychology and consciousness. This will give greater support to Freud's important work of questioning the limits of the concepts of pure and sovereign logic. We propose that there will be a meeting of both authors who wander through different paths. Freud questions the primacy of logic and its limitations, by proposing the functioning of the logic of the unconscious. Heidegger, from the other extreme, departs for a critical reformulation of this psyche and consciousness, starting from a rigorous philosophical work, where he diligently pores over the thinking of several philosophers. Focus on one point: the Dasein construct. In the second chapter, I discuss the relationship between Heidegger's work and Jacques Lacan's work. Lacan's quest to make a return to the Freudian thing makes him embark on the paths of philosophy, bringing together several important authors to be able to work more deeply in the psychoanalytic field. We follow in the footsteps of Lacan in his seminar The Logic of the Phantasm, where he argues that Freud not only criticizes a certain position of prevalence of the rational logic of human functioning, but that Freud proposes a new conception of a logic that works in a different way. differentiated from rational logic: the logic of the unconscious. The logical structure characterized as the sexual relationship will be the keynote to demonstrate the originality of psychoanalytic thinking in the field of logic. We will discover with Lacan that this structure cannot be summarized in the simple sexual act, but involves the logical complexity produced in the binomial of sexual difference - and which is neglected in the conceptualizations that Aristotle established about logic. The understanding of inter-human relationships must necessarily go through the logical structure of sexual differentiation: this is the unprecedented hypothesis introduced by Freud and totally based on the ethics of the therapeutic treatment of psychopathologies. This field of formal logic will also be critically questioned with the way that the Dasein construct problematizes this interrelation of our existence in the world, the being-in-the-world. Lacan and Heidegger open an unknown and forgotten field since the establishment of the foundations of logic by Aristotle in which the present work seeks to shed a simple light. Mon, 26 Sep 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12230 2022-09-26T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12048 O movimento social feminista: a relevância da noção honnethiana de reconhecimento para a promoção dos direitos das mulheres Correia, Éllen Cristina Rodrigues This thesis aims to analyze the relevance of the Honnethian notion of recognition for the promotion of women's rights. Its specific objectives are to understand the history of women and the inequalities they face, to subsequently reconstruct Axel Honneth's theory about the struggle for recognition (the motivation for social conflict, the spheres of recognition) and understand in what ways the theory of recognition relates to gender issues. In addition, we aim to understand how this concept can, or cannot, assist in the advancement of women's rights in contemporary neoliberal society. To achieve these goals, we will explore the work The Struggle for Recognition (2009), by Axel Honneth, as well as other works complementary to the discussion, such as Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792/2016) and Gender: Key Concepts in Philosophy, by Tina Chanter (2011), in addition to journalistic material and legal briefs to contextualize the situation of women. That said, the method chosen was the bibliographic research with special attention to the previously mentioned work of Axel Honneth. The results of the research indicate that Honneth’s theory of recognition contributes to the progress of women's rights due to the model of struggle the philosopher elaborated. However, the theory alone will not be able to handle the demands of contemporaneity, thus, it seems that it needs to be combined with a political model that imagines a feminism for the majority and/or does not treat it as a "woman's thing". Mon, 26 Sep 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12048 2022-09-26T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11907 Tornar presente: o pragmatismo de William James no Chthuluceno de Donna Haraway Kehl, Camila Von Holdefer This work seeks to delineate what we obtain when we analyze William James’s pragmatism and radical empiricism through some of the most recent exhortations of the philosopher and biologist Donna Haraway, and vice versa. As an alternative to the notion or narrative of the Anthropocene — that is, the epoch of the humans, in which anthropogenic actions would have had a terrifying and irreversible effect on the conditions of life on the planet — Haraway proposes the Chuthulene, which, since it does not admits the extremes of pessimism and optimism, would demand our reflection and action. Jamesian pragmatism is, in simplified terms, a method for testing the practical consequences of certain philosophies, notions or concepts. Radical empiricism, which is more difficult to define, posits it as an instant of pure experience in which common distinctions, or traditional dualisms, have not yet taken place. The idea of the present therefore welcomes both the idea of pure experience in which these divisions have not yet been made and our ability, in a more metaphorical sense, to carry out a reflection that makes present the practical consequences of our actions, and which refers to the very need for weighting in the Chthulucene. As we will see, radical empiricism and pragmatism as a method can undoubtedly support, amplify and enhance the narrative or notion of Chthulucene proposed by Donna Haraway in Staying with the Trouble. This does not mean that both remain identical. Haraway's rejection of the category of belief will have to be revised, as will the Baconian inspiration of James’s pragmatism. Thu, 11 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11907 2022-08-11T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11487 A filosofia como forma de vida: a práxis e a mística em Simone Weil Dias, Ana Lúcia Guterres The theme of philosophy as a way of life finds in Simone Weil a philosopher that lived this theme as experience beyond the theoretical speculation.This dissertation has as a goal to research how, in Simone Weil, the philosophy became a way of life. In order to chase this goal we seek to relate the philosophy, the praxis, and the mystique in her philosophical thought and her way of living and of being. We will analyze aspects of her life and philosophical thought as the praxis and the mystique, investigating as they connect to each other establishing the nexus that constitutes her philosophy and life as unique experience and inseparable. Firstly some of the philosopher anthropological assumptions are analyzed, including biographical aspects and foundational concepts in her thought that makes possible a better view from her understanding of the human being. In a second moment we approach the political philosophy as praxis in Simone Weil, analyzing political concepts developed and lived by her. Finally, we examine the philosophy and the mystique in Simone Weil from the connections between both of them and from the study of some mystique concepts thought and experienced by the philosopher, considering that in Simone Weil her philosophycal thought and mystique did not stay restricted to the theoretical area, but both of them came true in the form of concrete experience starting from the problems of the world. We conclude, from the study carried out, that in Simone Weil the philosophy has become a way of living, and at the same time, her way of living has become her philosophy. Thu, 24 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11487 2022-03-24T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11389 O problema do transbordamento fenomenológico Amaral, Gabriel Jung do This work aims to investigate the positions in the debate regarding phenomenological overflow, i.e., is conscious experience richer than the functional mechanisms attributed to consciousness? To accomplish this, the positions of both defenders and critics will be presented, revolving around three main experiments: the partial-report paradigm proposed by George Sperling, the variation of this paradigm involving colors made by Zohar Bronfman and colleagues and the experiment with Kanizsa’s illusions carried out by Annelinde Vandenbroucke and colleagues. The results tend to show that the position in favor of non-overflow has more capacity to explain the phenomena. Tue, 12 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11389 2022-04-12T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11351 A função do olhar na captura da obra de arte: aproximações entre Merleau-Ponty e Lacan Parreiras, Mônica This dissertation proposes to investigate the role of the gaze in capturing the work of art, supported by the philosophical premises of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and the psychoanalytic elaborations of Jacques Lacan. With the link between the three areas of knowledge: philosophy, art and psychoanalysis, it is intended to promote a rapprochement between the authors in question, since they maintained a fruitful dialogue interrupted at the time, by the premature death of Merleau-Ponty. Furthermore, both addressed the dependence of the visible in relation to what puts us under the seeing eye, bringing fascination into play. Thus, both the artist and the spectator/contemplator can be captured by the gaze, and therefore, as a function of the gaze, the thesis is defended that it is at the service of diverting the subject from the void that constitutes him, acting as a decoy to castration. To this end, this study is based on a bibliographical review of theorists, and on the author's reflections supported by the works of painters Paul Cézanne and Claude Monet, as well as some biographical data that corroborate their relationship with painting, as well as some photographs that go beyond the illustrative value, but complement the text. During the dissertation, it is evident that the artistic work of these painters, even belonging to different movements, has as its axis the function of the gaze as a “beautiful decoy”, so that in the scopic field, the object can take over a substance as evanescent as light, to present itself to the subject of desire, like looking. In this way, whether in Cézanne's or Monet's artistic work, the function of the gaze is in the sense of covering up castration, that is, it concerns what distracts and cheats the subject about desire, in order to keep away from consequence of the articulation between creation and the death drive. This can be attested to Monet's relentless attempt to capture light with its glare and reflections, or Cezanne's need to portray the scene as his eyes saw it in order to crystallize it. This concludes with the observation that the function of the gaze brings into play the fascination of the artist, but also of the spectator/contemplator, and both can be diverted from the constitutive emptiness of castration with the illusion of completeness, as a function of the gaze in capture of the artwork. Tue, 29 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11351 2022-03-29T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11349 O instante em Kierkegaard Tardivo, Gilson Cristiano In 1844, the Danish thinker Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) published, under the pseudonym Johannes Climacus, the book Philosophical Crumbs, in which he developed the concept of Instant, fundamental in his philosophy. Kierkegaard, when developing this theme, lays the foundations for an existentialist conception of the individual that values ​​subjectivity up to the last moment in face of the advancement of technique, of the superficiality of being. In Kierkegaardian thought, the Moment is the encounter with the Master, Jesus Christ, it is the propitious time to rediscover the true meaning of Christianity, it is the synthesis between temporality and eternity. The Kierkegaardian approach to the Moment reveals and makes alive the reality that each man carries within himself, in which each human being puts himself in a position to choose himself and take responsibility for himself. This dissertation intends to show how the human being makes his fundamental existential option, and changes his life, an option that takes place in the decisive moment, and how what Kierkegaard develops as Aesthetic, Ethical and Religious Moment can be situated in human existence. Wed, 09 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11349 2022-03-09T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11133 Linguagem moral e relativismo na filosofia de Ludwig Wittgenstein Damiani, Ruy Sampaio Wittgenstein's philosophy has been evidenced as an important landmark for the analysis of language with reflection in several areas of philosophy and with deep ethical implications and developments. This paper aims to analyze the moral language and relativism in the thought of the Austrian philosopher. In this direction, an exposition will be made of the notions of philosophy and ethical implications arising from Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and Philosophical Investigations. It will also be identified some points of wittgensteinian epistemology from his work On Certainty, important for the discussion of relativism in the author's work. The justification for the elaboration of the study finds its relevance in the presentation of clear and objective material on moral language and relativism in Wittgenstein, and, as a result, the understanding of the usefulness of wittgensteinian postulates in confronting philosophical problems related to morality and relativism. In relation to the methodological procedures, the research carried out involved a bibliographic collection, gathering the position of authorized commentators who play a leading role in today’s debate on the theme in question. Mon, 29 Mar 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11133 2021-03-29T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11127 Sorte moral e epistêmica: uma investigação sobre possíveis aproximações entre os dois fenômenos Rosauro, João Victor Nunes The aim of this dissertation is to investigate how the phenomenon of moral luck can be better understood from its possible relationships with epistemic luck. At first, what unites the two phenomena is the fact that luck factors influence the moral and epistemic credit we attribute to agents for their moral behavior and cognitive acquisitions. However, knowing that the epistemic phenomenon in question has its formal birth prior to the problem of moral luck, it is valid to ask whether both fields of debate manage to trace deeper similarities in the two cases. The validity of this question is based on a common interest in the areas, that is, that in order to attribute censorship and moral praise, as well as to attribute knowledge to someone, we must exclude factors of luck, as they seem to detract from the agency's merit. Thus, by investigating these connections of moral luck with its epistemic counterpart, we can delve deeper into new dimensions of the problem, as well as outline possible solutions that aim to defend the relevance of the moral phenomenon in question. That said, the work approaches authors such as John Greco, Linda Zagzebski, Robert Hartman and Duncan Pritchard, who offer analyzes of the approximations of phenomena based on skepticism, symmetries between moral and epistemic discourse, the possibility of moral and epistemic agency in the face of elements luck, and classification categories that are analogous to both phenomena. In extension, it will also be seen that a common point between these authors is the proposal of virtue ethics, as well as the epistemology of virtues, to reconcile the merit of moral and epistemic agency and luck factors. Having established the objective, I will proceed to the characterization of the problem. Tue, 11 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11127 2022-01-11T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/10874 O pensamento hellingeriano em diálogo com a fenomenologia de Merleau-PONTY Cherulli, Eulice Jaqueline da Costa Silva This work aims to examine Bert Hellinger's ideas to relate those that dialogue with Maurice Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology. The concepts of these authors are approached, seeking to understand the integration and the ruptures between the different orders of phenomena (physical, vital, and human) and the implication in the issues related to the exclusion of the individual from a certain system and the dialectics of good and bad consciousness. The study presents initially a brief contextualization of the thinker Bert Hellinger, to understand conjuncturally possible elements that exercised some influence in the construction of his thought and his works. In the sequence, his contributions related to the themes of constellations, posture, belonging, hierarchy and balance in relationships, the orders of help and love, and the distinction between consciousnesses, linked to science and knowledge, are approached. Next, aspects of Merleau-Ponty's thought are presented, especially in the texts Phenomenology of Perception and The Structure of Behavior. The analysis of these two perspectives points to a dialogue between the approaches proposed by the theorists, with emphasis on the concepts of phenomenology and the systemic vision. It is also believed that some of these notions, especially regarding the orders proposed by Hellinger and the subject's systemic posture, are useful to lead to the understanding and pacifying practice of the judicial system nowadays. Mon, 13 Dec 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/10874 2021-12-13T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/10294 John Stuart Mill e John Rawls: duas concepções de justiça em diálogo Hoffmann, Henor Luiz dos Reis The objective of this work is to make a comparison between the conceptions of justice of John Stuart Mill and John Rawls, starting from an exegesis of the main works of the authors. The dissertation is divided into three parts: (i) John Stuart Mill's Theory of Justice, (ii) John Rawls' Theory of Justice, (iii) Comparing: John Mill and John Rawls. The first part aims to reconstruct the Millian theory, in order to compare it with the Rawlsian theory. Based on the exegesis of Mill's main works, he is characterized as a non-teleological, but deontological, rule-utilitarian. He rejects a metaphysical conception of the person. The idea of the person and his moral psychology are the basis on which his principle of utility, understood in the broad sense, is anchored. Also in this chapter, we examine Millian social liberalism, that is, the priority defense of basic individual freedoms equated with social and economic justice. In the second chapter, dedicated to Rawls, we initially approach the thought experiment called the original position. Next, we consider the role of consequentialist elements in justice as fairness, followed by an analysis of the two principles of justice, equal freedom and equal opportunity. The climax of the present work is reached in the third chapter, as it is at this moment that we realize that there are more convergences than divergences between the two authors. Finally, in the final considerations, the similar and distinct aspects of the theories are weighed in the balance, reaching a verdict on which of the conceptions of justice has advantages over the other. We conclude that justice as fairness has advantages over Millian theory. Wed, 25 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/10294 2021-08-25T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9869 A concepção de pessoa na teoria da justiça de Martha C. Nussbaum Partchel, Jaison Matias This dissertation aims to provide a description of the conception of person found in Martha C. Nussbaum's theory of justice, as well as to determine whether the moral realism present in this theory can be compatible with the acknowledgment of the tragic element of the conception of person. To that end, the methods used were the conceptual analysis based on bibliographic research of primary theoretical sources, such as Nussbaum herself, John Rawls and Amartya Sen, as well as secondary ones, such as commentators relevant to the subject. The research problem was narrowed down as follows: Is it possible to reconcile Nussbaum's moral realism with a theory of justice that does not incur a comprehensive conception of the good? In other words, is it possible to avoid a kind of paternalistic perfectionism when approaching capabilities, considering its notion of pre-political rights? Following this scope, this dissertation extracted results that have identified an ecumenical view of person in Nussbaum's theory of justice, as well as confirmed the hypothesis raised regarding the tragic dimension of the person, concluding that the notion of person is a mixed notion, contextual, social, and traversed by a tragic element and animal condition and from the point of view of political normativity. Mon, 21 Jun 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9869 2021-06-21T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9868 A informação sob a perspectiva de Luciano Floridi: fake news como um caso prático Carvalho, Fábio Rodrigo Oliveira Advances in technology have meant that significant changes in different fields of science have had an impact on society, such as the ease of communication between individuals, between companies, as well as by government agencies. These changes are perceived by the variation of time and methods of information propagation. Information, in turn, does not seem to have taken the lead in this medium, supporting new technologies, it is as if information were a naturally present part of a communication. But, information is not only supported by technology, but without information technology would not work, so information and technology coexist in a symbiotic way. However, it is necessary to make a distinction of what information is since it is the subject of this research. The general objective is to understand what this coexistence with technology means and from which moral consequences flow. Therefore, it is also necessary to deepen the knowledge in Philosophy of Information to understand this connection between information and technology, as well as to understand the field of action of Information Ethics, which allows theorizing considering new dilemmas in this technological context and finally, to choose a social phenomenon that portrays this blunt reality. Then, a bibliographic research about the works of the Italian philosopher Luciano Floridi was made, as well as other authors, which also makes it a research of exploratory methodology, and a qualitative approach. Given this, it appears that the definition of information is very complex, comprising practically all the author's theory of the Philosophy of Information. The fact that there are new ethical issues that lack an appropriate conceptual analysis regarding the context of the new dilemmas that arise is also faced, and, certainly, that the choice of fake news as a current phenomenon is adequate, giving visibility to one of the several challenges that are being imposed by the approximation between technology and information. As a result, it is concluded that the definition of information that best adapts to this technological evolution, according to Floridi, is semantic information. This definition will reflect on his ethical theory, appropriating the concept of infocentric ethics, which establishes an informational environment that is inhabited by information agents. In conclusion, the phenomenon of fake news demonstrated that a possible solution to this social problem goes beyond technological, epistemological and argumentative issues, invading areas of the science of human behavior, due to the persuasive character of this type of news. Fri, 28 May 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9868 2021-05-28T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9820 A aposta de Pascal na epistemologia da religião contemporânea Santos, Lidiomar Gonçalves dos Blaise Pascal, formed within the Christian tradition that is the starting point of his philosophical categories, lived in the effervescence of rationalist thought and the philosophical system that was intended to unravel all mysteries, including those related to faith. This work aims to understand the concept of Pascal's Bet in the Epistemology of Contemporary Religion. The present research consists of three moments: 1) The presentation of the structure of the Bet, which is the Pascal's rationale for the reasons for the bet; 2) The rationality of the Bet's arguments and how the bet is legitimized in the epistemological scenario; 3) The connection between the Bet and Theism. Following Pascal, we will try to show how the Theistic belief is well structured rationally can be understood from a pragmatic perspective, even in the absence of epistemic evidence in support of them. Mon, 26 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9820 2021-04-26T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9744 A alienação do jovem Hegel Zandoná, Felipe Biavati This dissertation investigates the bases of the phenomenon of alienation in the so-called Hegel’s early theological writings. The research method used is that of bibliographic review, by reading the writings The Positivism of the Christian Religion and The Spirit of Christianity and its Fate, in addition to other works related to the central theme of the research. The work begins the study of the terms Entäusserung and Entfremdung, understanding and differentiation are fundamental for understanding the phenomenon of alienation. From this, the research will bring an explanation about the time and how influences that determined Hegel's thought in his youth, and how a criticism directed at positive religion develop and became a central theme of his philosophy at this time. Given the context presented, the relations between positive religion, morality, and alienation are analyzed from the concepts of strangeness, division, self-deception, and disenchantment, and how the alienating phenomenon goes beyond the purely religious and factor sphere, influences the institutional functioning of civil society. As a conclusion, from the analysis carried out, it is possible to identify positive religion as a basis for the phenomenon of alienation based on the criticism directed by the young Hegel, especially Christianity, when it imposes a supposed moral truth to the detriment of the subjectivities that make up the total ethics of life. Thu, 25 Mar 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9744 2021-03-25T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9550 O federalismo no pensamento de Hannah Arendt e John Rawls Arruda Neto, Antonio Justino de The present work presents the theme of federalism in the thinking of Hannah Arendt and John Rawls. The theme is problematized from the assumption about federalism as citizen participation in the public space. From this, one can assume its purpose of political exercise, that is, it presents an action as an activity for politics in Arendt and the constitution of a wellordered society, based on the principles of justice in John Rawls. In order to understand, Hannah Arendt and John Rawls' studies on the term were used as a theoretical basis. For this reason, federalism is an element of dialogue between thinkers. The research is bibliographic and uses the theoretical understanding and reconstruction of the texts by Hannah Arendt and John Rawls: The Human Condition (1958), On the Revolution (1963-1965) and The Promise of Politics (2005) and A Theory of Justice (1971) and Peoples' Law (1999), respectively. The main result achieved concerns the research question: to what extent does federalism encourage citizen participation in the public space? To answer the present problem, we sought to understand this relationship, through the conceptual articulation between three chapters: (1) dedicated to Hannah Arendt's thinking, based on four elements: action as an activity; the plurality; republicanism and the unity of the common (community as a space for action). The second chapter, refers to the thinking of John Rawls with the principles of justice; contractualism; pluralism and political fidelity. In the last chapter, the dialogue on federalism. Therefore, federalism represents an act for oneself and for the other, that is, the profession of faith of the citizen's political participation in community. Wed, 25 Nov 2020 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9550 2020-11-25T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9392 Katharsis como “clarificação”: o papel ético das emoções trágicas a partir da poética aristotélica Guterres, Guilherme Santos Our purpose in this dissertation is, from Aristotle’s theory of tragedies in Poetics, to deepen the interrelations between the concept of katharsis and the ethical-cognitive nature of the pathé (emotions) especially tragic of pity (eleos) and fear (phobos). We affirm the role given to these emotions, looking the way they are raised by the structure of the mythos (plot) of the tragedy, allows a kind of perceptual “clarification” regarding the understanding of practical values. Initially, we examined the theses of Gerald Else and Leon Golden, as well as the theory of katharsis as contained in Plato’s Sophist dialogue. Attention was focused on the second and third theses, considered as the status quaestionis on the investigated relationship, resulting, in the positioning in front of them, as a secondary objective of this research. In order to offer a specific interpretation regarding katharsis, we argue the meaning of the term demands an understanding of the ethical-cognitive nature of pity and fear based on Rhetoric and Nicomachean Ethics. As complex elements demanding specific judgments and beliefs about the world, such emotions are rationally engendered in the mythos (plot) of the tragic drama, in order to evoke certain reactions in the audience. Considering that, to arouse tragic emotions, it is necessary to 1) introduce people of good character, 2) showing them passing from good to bad fortune, we deepen this investigation in the last chapter based on Sophocles’ examples of moral conflicts in Antigone. Through the examination of particular cases of deliberation and affective response, we highlight 1) that the factor that contributes to the moral evaluation of the character is his adequate response to certain situations of conflict involving not only intellectual appreciation, but, when appropriate, emotional reaction. The adequacy of the character’s responses to deliberation determine his character, which is central to our properly tragic response to pity and fear. 2) By showing people of good character going from good to bad luck, tragedy, by means of pity and fear evoked, “clarifies” us about human eudaimonistic vulnerability in an Aristotelian sense. Wed, 19 Aug 2020 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9392 2020-08-19T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9391 A imaginação utópica como crítica social: a utopia de Thomas More na colonização da América Espanhola no século XVI Trindade, Célio Juliano Barroso This work seeks to analyze elements of the philosophical and theoretical reflection of the political thought of the sixteenth century, especially in relation to the problems raised by the arrival of the Europeans in America. European political thought at the time was going through a period of great agitation in which humanistic rationalism intertwined with medieval currents. An example of these currents, the Spanish scholasticism, which was the foundation of the Iberian school of peace founded by Francisco de Vitória, is where the reflection provoked by America has proved more fruitful. Slavery, the autonomy of the peoples, the rights of colonization, etc. are examples of the problems discussed. In this way it is sought to understand how this Iberian thought in consonance with the spirit of humanism caused a critique of the model of implemented colonization. Thus, the criticism of the model of implemented colonization by the mercantilist company, especially Iberian, can be criticized both by Iberian scholasticism and by humanism. With the aim of reflecting on the political thought of the sixteenth century and understanding aspects of this relationship between humanism and Iberian scholastic thinking about colonization in America, we seek to analyze a case of the reception of the Utopia work of the English humanist Thomas More. Thus, the work and action of the Spanish bishop and magistrate Vasco de Quiroga, who worked with the natives in New Spain from 1531 to 1565, is taken as an example. Quiroga was influenced by humanism and especially by the work Utopia of Thomas More. From this work he creates the pueblos-Hospitales that served as community of welcome, formation and economic and social development of the native peoples. The idea is that the Pueblos-Hospitales as direct influence of the Utopia has as theoretical foundation the criticism that the Iberian philosophy developed to the colonization in America. Tue, 20 Nov 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9391 2018-11-20T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9164 Dignidade e autonomia na filosofia moral de Kant Silva, Thiago Delaíde This work aims to investigate the relationship between dignity and autonomy in the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Since for Kant, autonomy is the foundation of human dignity, the investigated problem is posed from the question about the moral status of human beings incapable of autonomous rational agency. Insofar as the concept of Kantian dignity is linked to autonomy and morality, it is necessary to investigate closely the different interpretations of Kantian ethics regarding the extension of the moral status of human individuals. In the wake of this problem, the problematization about the concept of person as a condition or not for the attribution of dignity to human beings who may not be capable of rational agency with autonomy unfolds. This dissertation seeks to investigate, from the Kantian ethical writings, elements that can illuminate the problem referred to in the light of the interpretation of commentators of Kant's work. The work is divided into three chapters. The first seeks to present the issue of Kantian dignity in apparent dissonance with the contemporary paradigm of dignity, present mainly within the scope of human rights discourse. In the second chapter, the work is concerned with presenting an overview of Kantian ethics in order to understand and discuss how Kant's conceptions of autonomy and dignity are linked and how much other Kantian postulates are in tune or not. During this journey, it is discussed how dignity and autonomy relate to the categorical imperative, especially with the Formula of Humanity, analyzing an apparent tension between personality and humanity within Kantian ethics. In the last chapter the text deals with some attempts to answer the problem of giving moral status to human beings incapable of autonomous rational agency in Kant's moral philosophy. Critical exposition of the interpretations of Allen Wood, Onora O'Neill, Patrick Kain, Oliver Sensen, Doris Schroeder and Paul Formosa is made. The theoretical contributions of these authors are confronted with each other, in an attempt to better clarify the difficulties faced by Kantian theory. It is concluded that there is significant divergence between some interpreters of Kant, with no full consensus on whether human dignity extends beyond those individuals incapable of autonomous rational agency. It seems that there are those who advocate an inclusive interpretation of dignity, in which all human beings are persons and have equal moral status, regardless of their capacity for autonomy, while others tend to a restrictive interpretation, giving greater emphasis to the role of autonomy and moral agency, which follows that not all human beings are persons, therefore they do not have the same moral status or dignity. It does not seem very clear, therefore, to what extent the concept of Kantian dignity is or is not in line with the contemporary view of human rights in postulating that every human being has dignity. The topic, although controversial, seems fundamental for those who consider that Kantian ethics offers a theoretical and practical alternative in the face of contemporary moral dilemmas. Fri, 27 Mar 2020 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9164 2020-03-27T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9158 O pensamento estético de Nietzsche : a fisiologia na estética até a formulação da fisiologia da estética Kaizer, Vitor Leandro The present work aims to investigate the aesthetic thinking of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), from youth writings to the formulation of the physiology of aesthetics, which emerges from the late context of criticism of Richard Wagner’s music (1813-1883), in order to determine if it is possible to consider nietzschean aesthetic thinking pertinent to this period already as a certain “physiology of aesthetics”. In an effort to achieve this general objective, it was specifically and in a preliminary way, first: the aesthetic conception of the young Nietzsche; subsequently the tensions to which his initial aesthetic thinking is submitted during the intermediate period; and, finally, the way this confrontation made possible the final configuration of “aesthetics as applied physiology”. Therefore, the main writings relating to the first two phases, of Nietzsche were asked until the entry of the final phase, when the “physiology of aesthetics” is ultimately formulated as a greater objection to Wagnerian art. In the guise of conclusion, it can be affirmed that nietzschean aesthetic reflection is entirely permeated by the notion of physiology – as an axiological reflection on art –; since, when thinking about art, what the philosopher has in mind is to bring to light the essential value of art, that is, art as a possibility of life ,affirmation and dignification of existence; so that then physiology of aesthetics as a hermeneutic method of research – of art in its effects on the body and the psyche – is present in Nietzsche’s philosophical exercise before even assuming that formalized configuration. Thu, 23 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9158 2020-01-23T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9076 O que há de errado no dumping? O chamado dumping social como violação de princípios de justiça não comparativa Morais, Vivian Teodoro de Sousa The objective of this paper is to analyze Joel Feinberg's theory of non-comparative justice and its applicability to the so-called social dumping. We will seek to comprehend what is dumping, how it is identified and what implies its occurrence in the process of buying and selling products on the international market. We will examine the cases in which dumping is considered damnable and relatable to an unfair trade practice. In this course, we will demonstrate how this practice can influence free initiative and free competition, and its association with the search for a monopoly of particular product exportation, as well as deal with the existence of antidumping actions or measures aimed at curbing unfair practices on a national and international level. The main objective of this work, however, is to study the modality of dumping known as social dumping, showing how the practice is identified, presenting concrete cases that had repercussion in the media, to then resort to the theory of justice of Joel Feinberg exposed in the article Noncomparative Justice, of 1974. The objective will be to show that social dumping is unfair on grounds other than that which makes the other dumping arrangements unfair. The central methodological strategy of the present study is basically theoretical, through literature review around the theme and the problem that we are trying to solve. As a result of the study, we intend to clarify what is wrong with dumping, its economic and social modalities. We will show how practice violates principles of equality, justice and dignity of the human being, studying whether the injustice presented in both is the same. We will argue that in cases of social dumping, injustice results from a violation of principles of non-comparative justice. Tue, 22 May 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9076 2018-05-22T00:00:00Z