http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/1595 PPG Filosofia Thu, 09 Apr 2026 13:55:53 GMT 2026-04-09T13:55:53Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13990 Do naturalismo ao construtivismo: em direção a uma teoria híbrida em metaética Silva, Thiago Delaíde da The aim of this thesis is to defend an objective conception of morality by combining two distinct approaches in metaethics: naturalism and constructivism. This investigation seeks to propose an intermediate alternative between antirealism and metaphysical moral realism, insofar as both positions appear unsatisfactory. The thesis thus examines the possibility of reconciling naturalism and moral constructivism by articulating these two approaches within a hybrid conception of morality – constructivist naturalism – which preserves both the natural and empirical dimension of the moral phenomenon and its normative character. The problem arises from a potential objection to this strategy: naturalism and constructivism may be seen as incompatible approaches. This objection stems from the fact that naturalism and constructivism are often regarded as antagonistic views, commonly associated with moral realism and moral antirealism, respectively. The hypothesis defended here is that naturalism and constructivism are in fact compatible and can be complementary. The argumentative strategy developed in this dissertation maintains that it is possible to formulate a version of moral constructivism that is compatible both with a basic form of moral realism and with a non-reductive model of naturalism. This model is aligned with naturalistic theories that seek to describe the moral phenomenon on empirical grounds – without aiming to provide a normative justification – drawing on insights from evolutionary psychology, according to which the genesis of morality is closely associated with moral emotions. The constructivist counterpart aims to combine philosophical ethical constructivism with relevant contributions from social constructivism, integrating rational and social elements into a broad conception of the constructive process. From this perspective, morality, as we currently conceive it, is understood as being socially constructed upon a natural basis and subsequently rationally systematized. In this way, the dissertation seeks to defend the viability of a hybrid theory that articulates naturalism and constructivism through a dual aspect of morality: on the one hand, there are natural facts about human moral psychology – such as intuitions and emotions that constitute moral sensibility and provide the basis for moral judgments; on the other hand, the normative dimension – that is, moral norms – has its origin in moral agency. Therefore, the proposal of this dissertation does not aim to dissolve the fact/value dichotomy, but rather to offer theoretical conditions for articulating these two domains in a coherent manner, without neglecting scientific findings in the field of ethics. Thu, 06 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13990 2025-11-06T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13989 Infância, experiência e profanação dos dispositivos biopolíticos na filosofia de Giorgio Agamben Ramos, Renata Adrian Ribeiro Santos Questa tesi analizza l'esperienza dell'infanzia e le sue connessioni con le categorie di forma di vita e di profanazione dei dispositivi biopolitici, secondo il pensiero filosofico di Giorgio Agamben. Analizziamo le seguenti domande: in che modo l'infanzia, come esperienza di potenziale, nell'ambito del linguaggio e della politica, è concepita nel pensiero filosofico di Giorgio Agamben? Sulla base di questa discussione, quali connessioni possono essere stabilite tra infanzia, forma di vita e profanazione dei dispositivi biopolitici? In questa direzione, esploriamo l'ipotesi che l'infanzia consista in un'esperienza di potenziale, che si configura come un percorso proiettivo di accesso del bambino al linguaggio, in virtù dell'affermazione della sua voce politica, intesa come etica. Questa proiezione riflette il processo di costituzione dell'umano in un divenire costante, che designa il processo di soggettivazione dell'essere nel linguaggio, in un'architettura esistenziale aperta e inconcludente. La figura del bambino riflette il potere della forma di vita del bambino, l'essere che può usare il gioco profano per resistere eticamente all'operatività del biopotere. Nel corso di questa indagine, esploriamo le dinamiche del gioco destituente del bambino, rispecchiate nell'esperienza ludica del bambino, che questo filosofo considera una forma di vita. In questo senso, riflettiamo sulle performatività ludiche dei personaggi di potere, estratte dalle narrazioni, evidenziate da Agamben nelle sue riflessioni sulla profanazione; e, soprattutto, affrontiamo l'esperienza ludica compiuta dal bambino come prova generale del gioco destituente. I risultati di questo studio affermano il potere dell'infanzia e dei gesti come nuovi mezzi di disattivazione dei dispositivi secolarizzati, la cui referenzialità trova nella figura del bambino il significato di pura medialità. Sosteniamo che le performatività (non) creative compiute dai bambini nelle esperienze ludiche provano mezzi di resistenza etica, essenzialmente ludiche, che indicano l'emergere di una biopolitica minore, originata da spazitangenziali, da circoli umani, in cui il potere del gioco profano riflette la forza del potere contingente, efficiente di fronte all'operatività dei processi espropriativi del potere umano. Riflettiamo sul bambino come colui che gioca a essere il potere del nulla, pur possedendo la capacità di sospendere il peso dell'operatività dei dispositivi secolarizzati, in un movimento che promuove l'apertura del campo dell'esperienza alla dimensione del riuso, una categoria del pensiero agambeniano che si riferisce al luogo di restituzione di qualsiasi oggetto al suo luogo comune. La dinamica del puro gioco di potere del bambino punta all'irruzione del nuovo, a partire dal riconoscimento che l'opportunità è un istante che si apre inavvertitamente, attualizzando l'emergere della promessa messianica. Il modo di vivere del bambino è un paradigma di potenzialità, che riflette nuovi significati per la costituzione dell'esperienza storica, basati sulla rivoluzione nella dimensione del tempo.; This thesis analyzes the experience of childhood and its connections with the categories of life-form and profanation of biopolitical devices, according to the philosophical thought of Giorgio Agamben. We analyze the following questions: In what way(s) is childhood, as an experience of potential, within the scope of language and politics, conceived in the philosophical thought of Giorgio Agamben? Based on this discussion, what connections can be established between childhood, life-form, and the profanation of biopolitical devices? In this direction, we explore the hypothesis that childhood consists of an experience of potential, which is configured as a projective path of access for the infant to language, by virtue of the affirmation of their political voice, understood as ethical. This projection reflects the process of the constitution of the human in a constant becoming, which designates the process of subjectivation of being in language, in an open, inconclusive existential architecture. The figure of the child reflects the power of the infant's form-of-life, the being who can use profane play to ethically resist the operativeness of biopower. In the course of this investigation, we explore the dynamics of the infant's destituent play, mirrored in the child's playful experience, which this philosopher considers a form-of-life. In this sense, we reflect on the playful performativities of characters of power, extracted from narratives, highlighted by Agamben in his reflections on profanation; and, above all, we address the playful experience carried out by the child as a rehearsal of destituent play. The results of this study affirm the power of childhood and gestures as two new means of deactivating secularized devices, whose referentiality finds in the figure of the child the meaning of pure mediality. We argue that the (un)creative performativities carried out by children in playful experiences rehearse means of ethical resistance, essentially playful, that point to the emergence of a minor biopolitics, originating from tangential spaces, from human circles, in which the power of profane play reflects the strength of contingent power, efficient in the face of the operativeness of the expropriating processes of human power. We reflect on the child as one who plays at being the power-of-nothing, while possessing the capacity to suspend the burden of operativeness of secularized devices, in a movement that promotes the opening of the field of experience to the dimension of reuse, a category of Agambenian thought that refers to the place of restitution of any object to its common place. The dynamics of the child's pure play of power point to the irruption of the new, from the recognition that opportunity is an instant that opens up inadvertently, actualizing the emergence of the messianic promise. The child's way of life is a paradigm of potential, reflecting new meanings for the constitution of historical experience, based on the revolution in the dimension of time. Fri, 07 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13989 2025-11-07T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13918 Ativismo judicial e judicialização na perspectiva de Dworkin Silva, Wildemar Félix Assunção e Political issues have traditionally been decided within the executive or legislative branches, so judicial intervention in public policy decisions or in scientific or morally contested matters has been criticised. The objective of this study is to analyze the concept of "judicial activism" from the theoretical framework of Ronald Dworkin and its possible implication in the action of the Brazilian Supreme Court and in the judiciary in general Brazilian in the period of 2019 to 2023 in the resolution of difficult cases, after the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of 1988. Through qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research, using a bibliographic approach, this study aims to analyze whether, and if so, how Dworkin's ideas would be applied in the jurisprudence of the STF and in the judiciary in general. It is noted that, when examining Dworkin's philosophical and doctrinal framework, the STF and the judiciary in general would be allowed to take care of the normal functioning of the deliberative democratic process and the legal decisions specific to it provided for in the Constitutional text, not interfering in the determination of the specificities of political conduct. Mon, 14 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13918 2025-04-14T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13751 Na disputa pela herança política kantiana: a defesa dos princípios libertários na filosofia política e jurídica de Kant Ribeiro, Sergio Adriano It is understood that there is a dispute over Kant’s political legacy among different political traditions. This study is situated within the debate on Kant’s political heritage, analyzing the possibility of a dialogue between his political and legal philosophy and principles that extend beyond the classical liberal tradition, approaching libertarian conceptions. The investigation is based on Kantian concepts of natural law, external freedom, private property, private law, and the limits of state action. It is argued that, in Kant’s view, the State's purpose is to guarantee individual freedom as an end in itself, acting exclusively within the executive and juridical spheres. The central problem of this research lies in the tension between autonomy and heteronomy in the context of obedience to state laws. According to Kant, an individual is autonomous when they submit only to laws derived from their own consent. However, the imposition of legal norms by the State may suggest a state of heteronomy, raising the central question of this investigation: is it possible for a State to exist without violating Kantian individual rights? If so, what would be the structure of such a State? Given this problem, it is argued that if freedom, as grounded in natural law, property, and private law, is violated by state action, a problem of political and legal coercion arises. In this sense, state intervention could lead to the suppression of an individual's external freedom, thus constituting a contradiction within Kantian principles themselves. Wed, 26 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13751 2025-03-26T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13747 Por uma bioética ambiental de Hans Jonas: cōnscīre aude sobre a ética ambiental e a tecnologia Maciel, Joelson de Campos Cette thèse se concentre sur le principe de précaution et le concept de développement durable en tant qu’instruments de la bioéthique environnementale et en tant que catégorie éthicophilosophique, ainsi que sur leur relation avec les nouvelles technologies. Nous concevons la bioéthique environnementale comme une vision moniste psychophysique et une éthique de la responsabilité : l’être humain comme partie intégrante de l’environnement qui se défend contre les menaces qu’il a lui-même créées. Les points de départ sont la critique par Hans Jonas de la causalité psychique chez Hume et la réponse de Kant, comme exemples de l’éloignement de l’homme par rapport à la nature. À cela s’ajoute l’évolution du concept de nature jusqu’à aboutir à ce que nous définissons aujourd’hui comme biodiversité. S’opposant à une pensée éthiquement irresponsable envers l’environnement, Hans Jonas dénonce le fait que l’exploitation technologique omnino omnia de la planète puisse mettre en péril l’existence même de l’homme. Le choix de Hans Jonas se justifie par l’actualité du thème et par la nécessité de formuler une planification éthique avec des normes claires pour protéger les générations futures des risques d’extinction. L’analyse de la formation de la pensée éthique environnementale sur ce problème est fondamentale pour révéler tout le vide éthique antérieur concernant l’usage de la technologie dans ce champ exploratoire de l’environnement – que ce soit en croyant à sa source matérielle infinie, à ses lois magiques, ou encore en ignorant les éléments « extra-humains », classés comme « hasard ». Nous pouvons également attribuer comme cause de ce vide éthique le fait que le « principe vie » luimême soit devenu une exception face aux bouleversements subis par la métaphysique et la cosmologie, faisant de la mort, du néant, de l’accord dodécaphonique, la règle pour de nombreux penseurs modernes. Ceux-ci ont perdu la capacité de croire en autre chose que le « moi transcendantal », le logos, les lois de l’entendement. Ainsi, nous sommes passés de la maxime des Lumières sapere aude à cōnscīre aude, c’est-à-dire du classique « ose savoir » à « ose être conscient » de ce que nous produisons lorsque nous utilisons la technique. Thu, 27 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13747 2025-02-27T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13746 Nietzsche’s speculative pragmatism Hickmann, Gabriel Cunha This work proposes a reassessment of Nietzsche’s philosophical significance through an engagement with contemporary thought and the aporias of the present. By reconstructing Nietzsche’s perspectivism—situating it within his broader intellectual framework and its dialogue with the philosophical tradition (particularly critiques of Kantian idealism)—we demonstrate how this stance, more nuanced than often assumed, resists traditional misinterpretations, especially those advanced by Critical Theory. Our analysis reveals that Nietzsche’s work converges with a speculative pragmatist position, a term employed by thinkers like Isabelle Stengers to describe their own theoretical approaches. This recontextualization not only clarifies Nietzsche’s methodological commitments but also illuminates underappreciated affinities between his thought and contemporary debates. Finally, we trace how Nietzschean ideas resonate in current philosophy, arguing that these developments, if we are right, shed new light on the broader implications of Nietzsche’s philosophical project in a broad sense.; Questo lavoro propone una rivalutazione del significato filosofico di Nietzsche attraverso un confronto con il pensiero contemporaneo e le aporie del presente. Ricostruendo il suo prospettivismo—collocandolo all’interno del suo quadro intellettuale più ampio e del suo dialogo con la tradizione filosofica (in particolare le critiche all’idealismo kantiano)—dimostriamo come questa posizione, più sfumata di quanto spesso si assuma, resista alle interpretazioni tradizionali, specialmente quelle avanzate dalla Teoria Critica. La nostra analisi rivela che l’opera di Nietzsche converge con una posizione pragmatista speculativa, un termine utilizzato da pensatori come Isabelle Stengers per descrivere i propri approcci teorici. Questa ricontestualizzazione non solo chiarisce gli impegni metodologici di Nietzsche, ma illumina anche affinità sottovalutate tra il suo pensiero e i dibattiti contemporanei. Infine, tracciamo come le idee nietzscheane risuonino nella filosofia attuale, sostenendo che questi sviluppi, se la nostra tesi è corretta, gettino nuova luce sulle implicazioni più ampie del progetto filosofico di Nietzsche in senso lato. Thu, 05 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13746 2025-06-05T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13657 Conciencia y discernimiento: (investigacion historico-descriptiva y critico-reinterpretativa sobre las posiciones de algunos autores neo-tomistas de lengua francesa) Junges, José Roque Thu, 16 Jan 1986 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13657 1986-01-16T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13577 A angústia filosófica de ser-outros: Fernando Pessoa e Heidegger no caminho da linguagem Tanajura Júnior, José Mozart Fernando Pessoa’s poetics open a path of possibilities for understanding the being and being-in-the-world of Dasein, from a perspective of dialogue between poetry and philosophy, based on Martin Heidegger’s hermeneutic ontology. In the unveiling of the phenomena present in Pessoa’s poetry, we inevitably encounter a peculiar aspect of his literary art: the creation of heteronyms. Through heteronymic creation, Pessoa investigates the meaning of his human-existence-in-the-world and frames his existential inquiries in an attempt to seek the deepest self through other selves present within him, expressed through various heteronyms. In his heteronymic proposal, Pessoa multiplies himself into other selves, becoming a poet within poets. Indeed, the process of heteronymy evokes in Pessoa a sense of anguish in the face of the existential crisis that arises at the core of the poet: being-others beyond literary creation. In this sense, our thesis posits that there is a configuration of selves in Pessoa that goes beyond a literary or aesthetic strategy in his poetic construction. Heteronymy is, in fact, an ontological condition of Fernando Pessoa in his self-understanding as Dasein, existing in the world with other beings and confronting the facticities imposed by existence. In this context, Heidegger’s philosophy helps us understand this ontological process in Pessoa, considering the themes of being, being-in-the-world, existence, anguish, and death present in the verses and vital context of the Portuguese poet. As Heidegger argues that in poetic language, being is unveiled and authentically revealed, Pessoa’s poetry effectively shows the unveiling of his own being through the verses of a heteronym, which, according to various literary critics, serves as a kind of self-portrait, even revealing ontological traits of the poet’s existence in the world. This heteronym is Álvaro de Campos, who, through his poetic proposal, exposes his existential crisis in an attempt to discover his true and profound self as heteronym and, consequently, as a reflection of Fernando Pessoa, his creator. This thesis affirms the viability of investigating the poet’s sense of being, through his existential anguish, by means of the open and creative dialogue between philosophy and poetry in the work of Fernando Pessoa, especially in the focus we made on the poetics of Álvaro de Campos, the heteronym who unveils the deep self of the poet, creator of other selves. Mon, 13 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13577 2025-01-13T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13530 Do indivíduo à pessoa: esboço para uma ética da consideração na perspectiva de Paul Ricoeur Azevedo, Wagner Stephan de Ce travail vise à explorer la transition du concept d’individu à celui de personne et ses implications éthiques, sous la perspective de Paul Ricoeur. La recherche commence par l'affirmation de Julia Kristeva sur la nécessité de “placer la personne au centre”, reflétant l'actuel “ esprit d'annulation” qui imprègne les interactions sociales. Dans ce contexte, notre objectif est d'analyser comment Ricoeur enrichit le débat contemporain sur la dignité humaine et l'altérité. La thèse souligne qu'une compréhension élargie du concept de personne, qui englobe à la fois l'ipseité et l'altérité, est essentielle pour élaborer une éthique de la considération capable de contrebalancer l'individualisme croissant. Cette approche vise à compléter et à proposer une alternative à l'éthique de l'altérité proposée par Lévinas. Bien que Ricoeur ait écrit peu sur la personne, son article Meurt le personnalisme, revient la personne révèle son inquiétude concernant la défense des droits humains, reconnaissant la pertinence de ce concept en temps de crise éthique. L'enquête discute également de l'impact de la vision hobbesienne et de l'érosion de la notion de personne dans la modernité, ce qui conduit à une dévalorisation de la condition humaine et à sa réduction à des concepts abstraits. Pour déplacer cette crise moderne, Ricoeur propose une reconnexion entre la notion de personne en tant qu'être d'accueil, de racine judéo-chrétienne, et le concept lévinassien d'altérité, soulignant que cette ouverture de la personne est essentielle au développement d'une éthique qui valorise la dignité de soi et l'altérité de l'autre que soi. De plus, l'analyse cherche à démontrer que la notion de 'vie intérieure', enracinée dans les traditions judéo-chrétiennes, est constituée d'un mode de vie-avec et pour les autres, basé sur la considération et la générosité. En revisitant la philosophie de Ricoeur, cette recherche cherche à contribuer à la construction d'une société plus juste et solidaire, où chaque personne est reconnue dans sa singularité, à mesure qu'elle découvre sa tâche : devenir personne sous l'impulsion d'un désir du bien qui nous permet de reprendre le vouloir-vivre ensemble et nous inspire une vie qui se réalise dans le don et le dévouement de soi. Mon, 09 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13530 2024-12-09T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13529 Injusticia ambiental y ecología integral: una interpelación ético-política de las víctimas de la injusticia ambienta Martin López, Oscar Luis Esta tesis aborda la problemática central de la justicia ambiental a partir de la condición de víctimas de las injusticias ambientales. Enmarcamos el debate desde la perspectiva de la justicia ambiental y restaurativa. Nuestro objetivo principal es contribuir a la construcción de una perspectiva de la justicia ambiental enriquecida con la justicia anamnética a partir de las víctimas de las injusticias ambientales. Centraremos nuestra investigación en los nexos que aproximan a una teoría de la justicia ambiental a partir de las víctimas con el concepto de ecología integral presente en la encíclica Laudato si´. Defendemos la hipótesis de que el concepto de ecología integral alcanza su sentido más pleno desde una teoría de la justicia ambiental a partir de las víctimas de la injusticia ambiental. Estas intuiciones las desarrollamos en cuatro capítulos. En el primero presentamos tres filósofos contemporáneos relevantes para una teoría de la justicia a partir de las injusticias: Judith Shklar, Miranda Fricker e Ignacio Ellacuría. El objetivo es presentar un análisis de sus reflexiones principales sobre la preeminencia de la injusticia en la sociedad para pensar una teoría de la justicia; mostrar cómo estos filósofos enriquecen la reflexión filosófica sobre la injusticia: Judith Shklar con su sentido de la injusticia, Miranda Fricker con su planteamiento de injusticia epistémica e Ignacio Ellacuría con sus conceptos de mal común y negatividad. Dada la relevancia para nuestra hipótesis de la condición de injusticia padecida por las víctimas para construir una teoría de la justicia ambiental, el segundo capítulo tiene como objetivo el estudio de los filósofos Manuel Reyes Mate y José Antonio Zamora quienes desarrollan filosóficamente los referentes éticos de las víctimas para construir una teoría de la justicia. Mostramos los elementos básicos de la justicia anamnética o restaurativa de estos filósofos; cómo para Reyes Mate la memoria es esencial para una justicia que afirme la vigencia de las injusticias pasadas; cómo la imbricación entre memoria y justicia es fuerte hasta el punto de que se puede señalar que “memoria es justicia”. Una justicia desde la perspectiva de las víctimas, que pone a estas como centro del sentido de la justicia, es una justicia de reparación de la injusticia. A partir de la justicia anamnética, al final del capítulo rescatamos algunas claves o categorías hermenéuticas que consideramos fecundas para una justicia ambiental desde la perspectiva de las víctimas. El tercer capítulo tiene como objetivo construir el concepto de justicia ambiental actual y ponerlo en interlocución con las claves hermenéuticas que nos aporta la justicia anamnética o restaurativa de Manuel Reyes Mate y José A. Zamora. Buscamos enriquecer justicia ambiental como concepto de tal modo que haga justicia a las víctimas de las injusticias ambientales. En el cuarto capítulo pretendemos hacer una interlocución con la encíclica Laudato si´ y su propuesta de ecología integral, a partir de la justicia ambiental enriquecida por la perspectiva de la justicia anamnética. Nos detenemos en analizar las imbricaciones de la ecología integral con la justicia ambiental en perspectiva de justicia anamnética y concluimos con algunas sugerencias de articulación y enriquecimiento de la ecología integral a partir de lo investigado. Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13529 2024-04-30T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13526 Aristóteles e o ativismo judicial Bertoncello, Leandro da Silva This thesis addresses the topic of judicial activism using the political philosophy of Aristotle as its theoretical foundation. It consists of a theoretical study based on bibliographic consultation. The works of the aforementioned Greek philosopher, especially "Nicomachean Ethics" and "Politics," serve as a framework of principles and concepts for understanding the underlying mechanisms of the phenomenon of judicial activism and for organizing knowledge, formulating hypotheses, and offering conclusions. The thesis explored in this work is that judicial activism, which is embodied in the practice of judges, particularly in supreme courts, making decisions that interpret the Constitution in a way that expands their own power while simultaneously limiting or replacing the role of other institutions responsible for constitutional interpretation and application, is detrimental to democracy. This is because it depreciates the exercise of a calculative or deliberative faculty, in the sense that a fair outcome depends on the concrete circumstances in which each individual receives what is rightfully theirs. In conclusion, the thesis presents the challenge to the citizen of modern democracy to take responsibility for their own maturation and improvement, to recognize themselves as part of a tradition that gives them social identity, and to transcend their horizon of interests to overcome the illusory separation between the individual and society. However, as long as judicial activism encroaches on the competence of representative bodies, democracy will suffer from the devaluation of popular deliberations. Wed, 08 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13526 2023-11-08T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13456 Ludwig Wittgenstein: a religião que dá sentido à vida Alves, Mauricio Silva The development of the doctoral research entitled: "Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Religion that gives meaning to life" aimed to try to dissolve the problem of evidentialism and its repercussions on the contemporary philosophy of religion. Clifford's principle is known as a critique of the justification of religious belief. Even without making direct reference, Clifford's text is full of biblical allusions, and according to Hick 1983 has been a ballast for the so-called Analytic Philosophy of Religion. This research includes consideration of the specific use of terms in religious statements and the logical relations between religious assertions and between these and other types of assertions; the legitimacy of interpreting them as factual or, on the contrary, the possibility of reinterpreting them as purely expressions of mystical, aesthetic or moral attitudes. The evaluation of the limits and the very complexity of the way of life in which the concepts of religious belief and meaning of life find their application. The methodology used in this research had a bibliographic focus. In the first chapter we try to show that in the dynamics of analytic philosophy, there is the possibility of being able to speak of an analytic philosophy of religion and, in this field, to refer to Wittgenstein's philosophical tendency where we can locate the nuances of his religious thought in each of the phases of his philosophical development and his complex relationship with an epistemology of religion. In chapter two, our aim was to present the post-Tractatus conception of religion through the demonstration of how Wittgenstein's ideas were developed by the commentators: Micheletti (1972; 2007;2002), Child (2011; 2013) D.Z. Phillips (1970; 1976; 1981; 1993; 1995. 2001; 2006; 2013), Nielsen (1967; 2001; 2005), Duncan Pritchard (2012;2016;2017; 2018) who defended a "moderat fideism" inspired by Wittgenstein. In the third chapter of this thesis, we aim to specify how Wittgenstein's concept of "religious beliefs" can shift the subjects of language from the pole of their epistemological certainties to a grounding of the meaning of life. In order to see why, however, there is another piece of the puzzle that we need to put in place, about the nature of our religious beliefs. On this path, we embark in the fourth chapter on the foundation of the conception of life lived sub specie aeterni, Wittgenstein points to the man who can even feel the suffering, the anguish of life, but the desire for eternity cannot be explained by any theory. The research pointed to the limitations of the discourses of theology, science and philosophy itself for the foundation of religious discourse. But what would be the philosophical basis for thinking about secular spirituality and dissolving the problem of evidentialism? Wittgenstein's answer is that it would be the Good Life, the happy life, namely: the life lived sub specie aeterni. When we mention the expression: Life lived from the perspective specie aeterni, we indicate that life must be lived with acceptance of our existence, that is, to live according to the facticity of the world. Wittgenstein in the Tractatus states: "The intuition of the world sub specie aeterni is its intuition as totality – limited" (TLP, 6.45). Further on he points out: "The sense of the world must be outside of it." Thu, 29 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13456 2024-08-29T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13455 A teoria híbrida das emoções em Platão: uma abordagem entre cognitivismo e não cognitivismo Guterres, Guilherme Santos This thesis explores the problem of emotional identity in Plato's philosophy, situating his hybrid approach within the contemporary debate between cognitive and non-cognitive theories. Through a comparative bibliographic methodology, we propose that Plato's hybrid approach presents emotions as states that encompass and integrate elements from both theories within a holistic, non-reductive perspective. The work is divided into three main chapters. The first chapter critically examines three theoretical approaches to the problem of emotional identity: Martha Nussbaum's cognitive-evaluative theory, Jesse Prinz's embodied appraisal theory, and the hybrid theories of Peter Goldie, Bennett Helm, and Jan Slaby. We pay particular attention to the first two theories, regarded as the state of the question in the debate on the investigated relationship. As a secondary objective, we position ourselves relative to these theories, arguing in favor of a hybrid or integrative approach between both perspectives. In the second chapter, we begin to clarify Plato’s approach to the identity of emotions by reconstructing his Theory of the Tripartite Soul, based on the Republic and Phaedrus dialogues. We highlight the interdependent relationship between the parts of the soul in Plato, emphasizing the holistic perspective he adopts in treating emotions as mediators between the poles of logistikon (“rational part”) and epithumetikon (“desiring part”). The third chapter analyzes Plato’s Philebus dialogue, where we find a nuanced version of his hybrid approach. In the Philebus, emotions are described as mixtures (meixis) of pleasure and pain, involving memory (mneme), sensory perception (aisthesis), desire (epithymia), and imagination (phantasia). In this framework, Plato proposes a hybrid approach to emotions, viewing them as complex phenomena resulting from the dynamic interaction of different faculties of the soul. Finally, we show that by transcending the dichotomies between cognitive and non-cognitive theories, Plato also offers a compatibilist perspective on emotions that enriches the contemporary debate on their identity, emphasizing the need for a more comprehensive and integrated understanding of emotional states. Fri, 27 Sep 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13455 2024-09-27T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13454 Interpelação ética da alteridade na constituição da subjetividade: um diálogo entre Emanuel Levinas e Davi Kopenawa Sestari, Edson The thesis, titled The Ethical Interpellation of Alterity in the Constitution of Subjectivity: A Dialogue between Emmanuel Levinas and Davi Kopenawa, explores the complex intersection between the ethics of alterity as proposed by Emmanuel Levinas and the Yanomami worldview, articulated by Davi Kopenawa. The research begins by critically engaging with Heideggerian ontology and the individualistic paradigm that characterizes Western culture, seeking in Levinas an alternative that centers the relationship with the Other in the constitution of subjectivity. The study proposes that Levinasian ethics, with its focus on unconditional responsibility for the Other, offers a powerful response to the crisis of fragmentation and isolation generated by Western hyperindividualism. Levinas challenges the primacy of ontology, proposing an ethics in which the Other is not merely one being among others, but rather an infinite call that demands an ethical response transcending the logic of totality. In contrast, the Yanomami worldview presented by Kopenawa deeply critiques Western culture, pointing to the devastating consequences of its relentless pursuit of profit and material progress for both indigenous peoples and the planet’s ecological balance. Kopenawa offers a perspective deeply rooted in interdependence and harmonious coexistence with nature, advocating for a way of life that values communal relationships and respect for alterity. The thesis engages in a profound dialogue between these two perspectives, questioning how Levinas’ and Kopenawa’s ideas may complement each other to provide a richer and more multifaceted understanding of subjectivity. By examining the convergences between Levinasian ethics and Yanomami cosmology, the study not only illuminates the limitations of Western thought but also suggests new directions for contemporary ethics. The research underscores the importance of alterity as the foundation of subjectivity and suggests that the integration of Levinas’ and Kopenawa’s perspectives may offer a pathway to overcoming the crises of alienation and disconnection that pervade modernity. Thus, the thesis contributes to the philosophical discourse on ethics and subjectivity, proposing a paradigmatic reconfiguration that foregrounds alterity and responsibility as central elements for the construction of a more just and harmonious future. Tue, 24 Sep 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13454 2024-09-24T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13453 Corpo e alma em Agostinho de Hipona uma relação de preservação, interdependência e cuidado Costa, Daiane Rodrigues This thesis aims to understand the relation between body and soul in Augustine as one consisting in attention and care in the philosophical anthropology of Augustine of Hippo. We then ask ourselves: what type of relation is there between body and soul? Is it conflicting or harmonious? To answer these questions, we use as main resources some texts by Augustine, which differ chronologically, but which contribute to the problem proposed here. These texts, such as The Trinity, Commentary on Genesis, The Greatness of the Soul, The Nature of Good, Music, On Free Choice of the Will, Christian Doctrine, among others, provided basic information, compiled into summaries and which served as the basis for the textual, argumentative, and conclusive production of the text. In the first two chapters, we address the ideas that the soul, for Augustine, is an incorporeal substance, which is not spatially located in the body, and which has functions that can improve its performance over time. The faculties of the soul form memory, intelligence and will, reflecting the trinitarian image of God. The body, in turn, created by God, also has traces of its creator, but is not in his image and likeness. However, it is also a good, just like all materiality. The body also has imperfect trinities of God. Body and soul united form the human being. In this way, what we understand as a “self” that grants identity to its human being is not only in the soul, but in its union with a body. This union happens because the soul must, in one of its functions, take care of the body, maintaining its unity and good health. In this way, it exercises two movements aimed at the body. The first one involves stirring elements of nature that are found in the body so that they animate it, granting it autonomous movements. Body animation also keeps organs functioning and systems performing their roles so that the body remains alive. The second movement of the soul is sensitivity. Through the body, the soul can feel and grasp the measure of corporeal things in the world around it. This occurs because, when an external object stimulates one of the sensory organs and alters the natural state of the body, the soul directs its attention to this fact, intending to protect the body from any harmful situation. Finally, we emphasize that the relationship between body and soul in Augustine of Hippo is a reciprocal movement. The soul protects the body from dangers that could harm it; while the body allows the soul to access information from the material world, thus forming knowledge of it. This knowledge of the physical world, which the soul keeps in its memory, is called science by Augustine. Thu, 11 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13453 2024-04-11T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13219 O problema ambiental segundo a ética da responsabilidade em Hans Jonas e a teoria do decrescimento de Latouche Silva, Wanessa Kelly Almeida Over the years, the environment has suffered from negative transformations arising from human actions, making it necessary to study, understand and understand human interactions with regard to excessive consumption, taking as a guide ethics based on human responsibility in the midst of technological advances. Therefore, the presentation of a context about the degradation of the environment, through the actions of humanity, especially through the unbridled search for knowledge through technological advances, in addition to the figure of exacerbated consumerism experienced and the so-called planned obsolescence, with the purpose of point out a reflection on man’s ethical commitment. In the study presented, the Theory of Ethics of Responsibility by the philosopher Hans Jonas and the Theory of Degrowth by Serge Latouche will be taken as a theoretical framework, carrying out a comparison in which on the one hand the criticism of technology and the role of ends and on the other hand degrowth and preservation environment, with the aim of defending future lives and sustainability, demonstrating how this dialogue can influence the future of humanity. The methodological path outlined has as its source of bibliographical research the work of the philosopher Hans Jonas - Principle of Responsibility (2006), as well as the Theory of Degrowth by the philosopher Serge Latouche, with convergences of ideas between philosophers regarding the threshold between the society of consumption and technological society. Seeking to guide, as a justification, the study is extremely relevant as it seeks to understand the current configurations of the contemporary world in the face of technology and consumerism, from the perspective of concern regarding the future of humanity. Therefore, demonstrating responsibility as an ideal ethical foundation for measuring human action and the need for deceleration, given that acting in a random and thoughtless way can put the continuity of human life on Earth at risk, and it is urgent to protect the environment. Mon, 15 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13219 2024-04-15T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13218 Reavaliando o Niilismo em Nietzsche: do problema do vazio à nova luz da perspectiva do eterno retorno Kaizer, Vitor Leandro The present doctoral thesis is an investigation into the problem of nihilism in the philosophy of Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844–1900). The aim was to reevaluate the situation of nihilism in Nietzsche, seeking a consistent answer capable of solving the main challenges posed by this problem. In this purpose, an initial effort was made to conceptualize nihilism in the clearest possible way, without neglecting its inherent nuances and complexities, thus establishing the sine qua non conditions for overcoming it. Subsequently, the development and critical and reflexive examination of the three main concepts emerging from the experience provided by nihilism were undertaken: the concepts of becoming, will to power and eternal return of the same. It also involved bringing to light the interpretations and proposals for overcoming nihilism that have the most prominence in each of the “lines of thought” raised by such concepts. This, however, was done not only with the intention of verifying the legitimacy of these contributions but, above all, with the aim of establishing references that would make a more complete approach to the problem viable. Next, two theses were examined that seemed to have the conditions to overcome the difficulties encountered so far: that of Luis Enrique de Santiago Guervós and that of Gianni Vattimo. Not having been possible to arrive at a resolution that could account for overcoming certain difficulties of primary importance in the entire problem, an attempt was made to go beyond the alternatives offered there: through an innovative interpretation of the thought of eternal return, a perspective was sought that could provide an efficient answer to what is undoubtedly the supreme challenge imposed by nihilism: the challenge of providing existence with adequate orientation. Grounded in the reflectiveexistential character of the thought that everything returns eternally, the proposal presented has as its main focus to provide orientation capable of addressing the lack of meaning in human existence, but also of endowing it with a satisfactory reason. However, it also proves to be effective in resolving secondary impasses, such as that inherent in the Nietzschean imperative derived from the figure of the Übermensch and that associated with the habitual interpretation of the formula of amor fati. Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13218 2024-03-18T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13002 O fundamento para a liberdade de expressão em Dworkin Franco Neto, Dimas Simões This thesis aims to present the foundations of freedom of expression in contemporary democracies based on the thinking of Ronald Dworkin. We intend to demonstrate how the author substantiates the existence and extent of free human expression. We will see that Dworkin considers most of the foundations used in current discussions related to freedom of expression to be unsatisfactory, especially because the most relevant discussions adopt utilitarian arguments. Briefly, utilitarian arguments explain the need for freedom of expression based on the theoretically beneficial results that result from this freedom, the most relevant being three, namely: favoring the search for truth through free expression; expression as an instrument of democratic participation and put an end to free expression as an instrument that favors well-informed political decision-making, with our hypothesis being that the author overcomes such arguments. Regarding the hypothesis, it is important to present the concepts of freedom and equality as brought by Dworkin. Presenting now the concept of freedom, we will see that the author uses Isaiah Berlin regarding the proposal to divide positive freedom and negative freedom. The first is defined as a space in which the individual can act without restrictions. The second is the individual's space in which the State cannot interfere without such interference resulting in an attack on the individual's ethical independence. In relation to equality in Dworkin, he considers it a basic concept of current political science because for Dworkin the very foundation of contemporary liberal democratic political systems is the obligation of the state to act in a neutral (egalitarian) way in relation to any judgment regarding ethical choices. of individuals. For this purpose, we will present a systematic reading of what the author defends as the foundations for freedom of expression, and then point out the points of approximation and divergence that emerged from these foundations with those presented by his critics (Jeremy Waldron, Catherine Mackinnon and Abigail Levin) not losing sight of the current environment for realizing freedom of expression, especially new media. Contrary to Dworkin, Jeremy Waldron will understand that both the dignity of those who suffer from hate speech and the harm to the social inclusion of these same people is sufficient reason to restrict hate speech. In the same sense, Abigail Levin will understand that there must be control over hate speech so that an unequal space in public debate is not created as a result, therefore prohibition and limitation would be, for Levin, necessary and useful instruments for balance in public spaces of discussion. In turn, Catherine Mackinnon will understand censorship as desirable when faced with manifestations of hatred or sexism because such manifestations themselves are instruments of imbalance in democratic relations. Our thesis is the result of a critical comparison of the foundations presented by Dworkin in opposition to the thinking of his critics in the scenario of new challenges to founding freedom of expression. Fri, 01 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/13002 2023-12-01T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12941 A vida desprovida de valor e o poder soberano: interlocuções entre as análises do estado de exceção de Giorgio Agamben e o direito penal do inimigo de Günther Jakobs Horita, Fernando Henrique da Silva The present thesis intends to be a critical contribution to the theory of sovereignty, and its central proposal is to identify the tense convergences between the thought of Giorgio Agamben and Günther Jakobs about the abandoned life, as in order to shed a critical light on the sovereign power that continues to produce worthless lives abandoned by law. Although these thinkers have divergent references, and can articulate their thoughts in different interests, they share significant understandings about one point in common: the strategies used by law to control lives considered dangerous. Both philosophers analyze a possible relationship of administration and control of life before its relationship with sovereign power, enabling the power of choice over the life of some individual can be made available to the sovereign. As a conclusion, the thesis rests on the argument that the course of the narratives of the thoughts of the two contemporary philosophers, Giorgio Agamben and Günther Jakobs, is pervaded by the understanding that the logic of modern sovereign power increasingly focuses on human life, life is exposed to the violence of this sovereign power, suffering from a process of subjectivation. The state of exception is, for Giorgio Agamben, the legal political device through which sovereign power produces naked life as abandoned life. While Günther Jakobs proposes the figure of the enemy as a cataloging of dangerous life, giving the sovereign power the ability to strip this life of full citizenship relegating it to the condition of abandoned life. Both positions converge on the point that virtually everyone has the possibility of having a life devoid of value by a sovereign decision. However, Giorgio Agamben presents a critical analysis of the sovereign power exception, while Günther Jakobs defends the legitimacy of this power to produce in the enemies a life stripped of full citizenship and abandoned by the law. Every effort in the elaboration of this thesis was shaped by the grounded theory, through the bibliographic and documentary method. This thesis aims to broaden the critical understanding of modern sovereign power that persists, in multifaceted ways, in the production of abandoned lives as something legitimate. Mon, 02 Oct 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12941 2023-10-02T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12827 A intersubjetividade em Husserl: uma análise da naturalização da fenomenologia Lindenmeyer, Luciane Luisa This thesis analyzes some topics of the naturalization of phenomenology. This is a recent trend in the field of philosophy of mind and cognitive science. Naturalizing phenomenology, or consciousness, means analyzing the experiential processes of objectification, stored or not by phenomenal data, through the broad methodological perspective of naturalism. The analysis I propose in this work is based on original phenomenology, i.e., I mainly use concepts elaborated by Edmund Husserl. Especially, consider the issue of intersubjectivity and its related concepts such as intentionality and intuition. His well-known anti-naturalist stance urges us to analyze the budgets of naturalized approaches to phenomenological concepts. To think about the compatibility of Husserlian propositions with some naturalized proposals of consciousness, I fall back mainly on authors such as Daniel Dennett and John Searle. Dennett made a nominal criticism of Husserl, which is important for the proper characterization of the phenomenological method as nonintrospective and which has intersubjectivity as one of its constituent strata. In addition, Dennett also makes the concept of intentionality linked to his notion of naturalized phenomenology, which allows us to illustrate the conflicts with Husserl's phenomenological consciousness. John Searle's intentionalism is significant for enabling a less conflictual approach, although also tensional, with Husserlian's definition of consciousness and intersubjectivity. Based on these aspects, I develop a conceptual investigation of the naturalization of intersubjectivity to indicate to what extent the phenomenological theory of intersubjectivity can be related to the debate on the problem of other minds. This is a philosophical problem that persists in the field of analytical philosophy of mind and is characterized not only as an epistemological problem but also as a conceptual problem. Under these budgets, I consider Husserl's criticisms of modern epistemologies, precisely from which the occult of the mental and its associated problems arise, to verify to what extent Husserl's phenomenology is "immune" to the main problems in the philosophy of mind. I reflect on the conceptual elements that update philosophical naturalism about what Husserl defined as naturalism in his fundamental critique, made at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century. I deal with Husserlian propositions on the problem of the constitution of the alien and the objectification of the world, themes in which intuition appears as an indispensable component, as it is present in all the intentional development of experiences, therefore, in all dynamics of phenomenological objectification. Once the conceptualization of intuition for Husserlian phenomenology has been confirmed, I develop the intuitions of a complete naturalization of intentionality, in its intuitive composition, as an element of externalization and objectification of consciousness, through expressiveness and manifestation. My proposal is not to carry out a purely exegetical analysis of Husserlian propositions, exclusively understanding the internal functions of its terms, but to bring phenomenology into dialogue with the still recent theme of the naturalization of phenomenology and its adjacent problems. Fri, 15 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12827 2023-09-15T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12770 Razões de punir e as lacunas no retributivismo Santos, Paulo Vinícius Borges It is intended to analyze, in this thesis, the reasons for punishing under the prism of retributivism, highlighting its central characteristics and, above all, its gaps, as pointed out by utilitarianism (preventivist), by negative retributivism and by restitutivism. We will study, especially, the thought of Kant, Moore and Kershnar about the theory of punishment, as representatives of retributivism and Bentham, Hart and Boonin, as representatives of utilitarianism, negative retributivism and restitutivism, respectively. To do so, observe the philosophical thinking in the conceptualization of the purpose of punishment and the reasons why it should be punished. The objective is, therefore, to examine the theories of punishment in order to find answers to the questions: what justifies the general practice of punishment? Who can be punished? How can we punish? What are the shortcomings of retributivism? The research is eminently bibliographical, developed from the identification, reading, analysis and interpretation of the writings of consecrated scholars of the theory of punishment. Utilitarianism projects the function of punishment into the future, aiming at preventing new crimes. From another perspective, retributivism, when seeing the penalty as a consequence of the crime, turns its vision to the past, pointing out as its foundation the merit and punishment of the offender. And restitutivism, in which the State must force people who break the law to compensate their victims for the damage they wrongly caused. We will argue that such theories should complement retributivism, given the complexity of the institute of punishment and, thus, the reason for punishing should be constituted in a mixed and balanced system, which includes retribution to the offender for the evil committed, the prevention of new crimes and the restitution for harm caused, taking into account the legal asset protected in the specific case. Mon, 31 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12770 2023-07-31T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12712 O que um filósofo da existência ainda tem a dizer sobre a consciência? Kierkegaard e o problema da Bevidsthed Teixeira, Natalia Mendes Tue, 15 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12712 2023-08-15T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12641 O tratado das categorias de Kierkegaard uma reconstrução crítica Fernandes, Victor Manoel This Doctoral Dissertation in Philosophy has addresses the concept of 'category' and how the 19th-century Danish existentialist philosopher Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (1813-1855), known for being an existentialist conceived of this concept. This concept is not extensively explored and developed in Kierkegaard’s writings, and he does not devote a book or chapter to the topic of the categories. Moreover, there is no comprehensive list or critical examination of Kierkegaardian categories in the secondary literature, and there is widespread disagreement in the secondary literature on Kierkegaard’s views about the categories. Consequently, the following questions—'How did Kierkegaard deal with the categories?', 'Is it possible to extract from Kierkegaard's writings a Treatise on the categories?' and 'How would a table of the Kierkegaardian categories be configured?' remain unanswered. The aim of this thesis is to offer an alternative answer to these questions (linked to the larger philosophical problem 'what is the structure of existence?'), through the defense of two central theses: 1) Kierkegaard has a 'treatise on categories', although not in the sense in which it is traditionally built; and 2) from this treatise, by specifying some of its elements and criteria, it is possible to apprehend both a categorical structure (composed of types of categories) and the categories themselves that Kierkegaard developed. This thesis uses the methodology of literature review and textual interpretation. This thesis is divided into six chapters. The first is an introduction, subdivided into three parts, comprising an introduction to the topic and an introduction to the work itself. The second chapter traces a brief history of the categories to observe the criteria used by the philosophical tradition and the context in which Kierkegaard can be inserted. The third chapter discusses the state of the secondary literature and the questions about Kierkegaard’s views of the categories which are still open. The fourth chapter provides a more detailed investigation of the categories in Kierkegaard and defends the first argument of the thesis. The fifth chapter is dedicated to the critical reconstruction of the 'treatise on categories' in Kierkegaard and defends the second argument of the thesis. The sixth chapter concludes. Thu, 27 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12641 2023-04-27T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12520 A influência dos conceitos em nossas percepções: um diálogo entre a filosofia e a psicologia experimental Vollino, Maurício da Rosa In this dissertation, I reflect on the interaction between concepts and perception to answer the question “do the concepts influence how we perceive the world?”. This research is inspired by the results of empirical studies involving attention and language in colors perception, in special orientation and in activities with orientation of selective attention. That is, the object of study here is the relation between attention, language and conscious perception which expose that attention is necessary for conscious perception to arise. Because of the orientation of selective attention in some experiment occurs the phenomenon known as inattentional blindness. Some unexpected stimuli in the visual field are not attended when subjects are attending to an activity. Therefore, the unexpected stimuli are not perceived consciously. Hence, attention is necessary for consciousness, and it defines which stimuli are consciously perceived showing that there is a hierarchy in relation to which selected stimuli would be conscious perceived. This shows the relevance of importance of the stimuli to the subject, which depends on the context, relevance, semantic familiarity, or expectation. On this view, attention owns the roll of select which information are conscious perceived. As consequence of orienting the selective attention in some experiments occurs the phenomenon called Inattentional Blindness. In order to observe the behavior of attention and inattentional blindness it will be studied the conceptual elements that interact with those cognitive phenomena. I want to understand, by the point of view of philosophy of language and philosophy of mind, the cognitive mechanisms behind the use of language or, more specifically, behind the use of concepts using empiric experiments from cognitive sciences as example of interaction between concepts, attention, and conscious perception. According to linguistics, language is a guide to attention, and attention is necessary to conscious perception to arise. About the elements of language, it is worked here the conceptual elements which make possible the attraction of attention and as stated in this work are responsible in making a stimulus sufficiently important to attract attention. About the study of concepts in Philosophy history, many theories arrived trying to explain the behavior of concepts, such as Classical Theory, Prototype Theory, Informational Atomism Theory. Here, I adopt the conceptual theory developed by Jesse Prinz called Proxytype Theory which envelopes successful tools of previous theories of concepts. According to the theory all concepts are copy of combinations or copies of perceptual representations originated in neural circuits with perceptual or motor functions and the mental process are affected by perceptual characteristics. Finally, once understood the conceptual tools of Prinz’s theory of concepts I answer the question “Do concepts influence the way we perceive the world?” by resuming at the end of this work the experiments described throughout this dissertation. Attention interacts with conscious perception and, as I expose in here, concepts are capable of attract attention by intentional contents and cognitive contents. Due to these factors, attention is oriented and inattentional blindness may occur, reinforcing the thesis that attention is necessary for consciousness. Thu, 30 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12520 2023-03-30T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12519 Para além da soberania: uma investigação a partir da obra de Giorgio Agamben Piccoli, Luiz Felipe Hallmann The present research seeks to answer if there is an alternative horizon to sovereignty from the perspective of Giorgio Agamben’s work. We hypothesized that this horizon is represented in a form-of-life that can be exemplified through the figure of the refugee. In the development of the research, we present the implicit problems in sovereignty, which is a paradox that refers to it being at the same time inside and outside the legal system as an exception structure. So that all sovereign power exists in relation to the production of bare life in an anomy zone. The concentration camp is identified as a space par excellence of the exception where the threshold of the legal and political system is exposed in its indistinction. The camp also represents the exhaustion of a political model based on sovereignty to be overcome. Alternatively, Agamben proposes a politic with ontological foundation. Through an archaeology of power, the author will make a critique of the process of constitution of the human being, seeking to overcome its division between zoé and bíos, animal life and human life, which is articulated in the machine of anthropogenesis. In its place Agamben proposes to think of a form-of-life, a life in which his form is not separated from it. This form-oflife is inspired by the Franciscan model of life that seeks to live in such a way that it is not constituted by its relationship with law. As a strategy of resistance, the author proposes inoperative e as a third way of acting in a non-productive or practical way. In order to potentialize the pure human action that does not have a definite purpose, pure means are used through gestures, which as desecration are their examples. The research concludes that the figure of the refugee is that who most closely approximates the new paradigm imagined by Agamben. The figure of the refugee causes a legal indeterminate by inhabiting the threshold of political order representing a questioning to the constituted order itself. And he become to be seen as the constituent paradigm of new emerging human, whose life indicates by its existence that another sovereignty can emerge. Mon, 24 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12519 2023-04-24T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12518 Decisão judicial e a teoria da justiça de John Rawls Silva Filho, Lídio Modesto da This work aims to investigate the problem of divergent judicial decisions handed down in similar cases. The research seeks knowledge of influences that are decisive for the production of a judicial decision, from the dominant legal theories to possible exogenous influxes to legal thinking, such as that involving epistemic injustice. In order to mitigate these decision discrepancies, an attempt was made to carry out an analysis of the interpretive procedure of the judge and the influences that this moment suffers, inserting in this process a method that is capable of reducing incoherence, inconsistencies and misunderstandings. For this purpose, it was decided to study John Rawls's Theory of Justice and the extent to which it could contribute to legal institutions in the production of judicial decisions that translate into legal certainty and that are coherent, symmetrical and fair. To reduce or solve this problem in the area of Law, of the Theory was extracted the procedure of Reflective Equilibrium, a methodological tool to collaborate with the decision-making process, mainly because in the study there was a demonstration that this method was a positive contribution to relevant deliberations in other areas of knowledge, such as advanced information technology and bioethics. Rawls's constitutionalism is approached for an understanding of what he thinks about the legal system, as well as fundamental concepts such as reasonableness, public reason, overlapping consensus and rule of law are studied for a better understanding of Rawlsian theory. Divergent decisions in similar cases, such as the supply of highcost medicines or those related to the criminal area, such as robbery, are paradigms in this research, and the reflective equilibrium method applied in the area of Law is proposed for a methodological production of judicial decisions, being an alternative for the decision-maker during legal reasoning or as a test after the decision-making process, aiming to be an instrument for clarifying elements that may influence this decision-making process, being able to discard elements that induce a decision that is tainted by reasons such as prejudices, emotions or beliefs. The thesis defended here is that John Rawls' method of reflective equilibrium can lead the judge of law along a clear and impartial path and be an instrument that can serve as a counterpoint to the problem presented about deliberative discrepancies issued in similar cases, being able to, therefore, establish coherence between the judicial decisions handed down by different judges. Thu, 13 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12518 2023-04-13T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12184 Mind meets the body searching for itself: embodied, social, perceptual, ethical, linguistic and temporal aspects of consciousness Pauly, Daniel Uptmoor Consciousness is a vague concept. The thesis goal is to elucidate why. We will argue for the possibility of analyzing the complex concept of consciousness into its main basic aspects, following Damasio’s distinction of core consciousness and extended consciousness. The method chosen for performing such analysis is provided by the Tononi’s Integrated Information Theory, as it allows for the analysis, while accounting for the integration between the parts arranged as a whole. Consciousness was thus analyzed into the aspects of: embodied core consciousness; and five aspects of extended consciousness; Social; Perceptual; Ethical; Linguistic; and Temporal. While impairment of core consciousness extinguishes the expression of consciousness as a whole. The aspects of extended consciousness, on the contrary, can be selectively knocked down, yet preserving the remaining aspects. The thesis presents a demonstration that the Reductive Analytical Method can be derived, as a particular case, from Integrated Information Theory, thus justifying our choice. The aspects of core consciousness and extended consciousness received a transdisciplinar review of the literature. The evidence thus gathered replicated previous findings, suggesting core consciousness to be localized, extended consciousness to be decentralized and the integration between the parts to constrain the possibilities of consciousness as a whole. Wed, 21 Sep 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12184 2022-09-21T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12183 Da sintaxe intencional à semântica mental Marconatto, Arildo Luiz This thesis is an investigation into the evolutionary path between the physicalchemical world and the human mind, between the syntax of intentionality and the semantics of mentality, between the relationship between the body and the mind. For this, we will use the theoretical conceptual of the philosophers Daniel Dennett and John Searle, especially their formulations on intentionality and intentional systems. Despite the difference between the two thinkers, we will show the points of contact in this topic. The problem is to seek to understand the relationship between the syntax present in intentionality and the semantics existing in the mind, in other words, how matter generates mentality. The background used is the Darwinian evolutionary process and the functionality of the relationship of intentionality’s to produce mental states. The objective is to investigate the development from the first intentionality, which we believe arose randomly from a physics-chemical combination to the origin of mentality, passing through the passages and evolutions in the various stages of the simplest life to what we consider to be the best possible combination, of intentional systems, the human mind. To develop this research, we used the concept of naturalized intentionality. Wed, 28 Sep 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12183 2022-09-28T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12182 Teoria liberal da desobediência civil Budib, Alexandre Carlos Although, throughout history, it has not been rare to fight against certain laws or governmental acts, alleging violations of justice, the expression civil disobedience only gained the world after the posthumous publication, in the 19th century, of a lecture by Henry David Thoreau, who originally did not even carry that name, narrating his short stay in prison for refusing to collect a certain tax from the State, as a result of two main factors: the tolerance of the United States government to slavery practices and the promotion, by the American government, of a war of conquest against Mexico. With the dissemination of the work, contesting movements began to use the term to designate struggles that, while making use of illegality, employed non-violent methods and used moral reasons to oppose the order. In the 20th century, two prominent leaders, Gandhi and King Jr, led extensive civil disobedience campaigns for Indian independence and for African American civil rights, respectively. In addition to the political leadership of the movements, Gandhi and King Jr. theorized about civil disobedience, outlining strict criteria for disobedient action and demanding strong moral discipline from its adherents, in asceticism very close to religious obligations. In the decades from the 60s to the 80s of the last century, with the substantial growth of actions entitled civil disobedience, liberal theorists studied the phenomena of contestation and established parameters for their configuration, already stripped of the spiritual aspects brought by Gandhi and King Jr., enormously helping to consolidate, among public opinion, the idea that civil disobedience is not to be confused with the disrespect for legislation selfishly carried out by ordinary criminals, nor does it lend itself to violent revolutions, and that there must be a certain tolerance for the practice that, even, could help the stability of institutions. The liberal concept of civil disobedience did not suffer major challenges until the advent of new movements to confront the order in these first two decades of the 21st century. However, with the new movements, criticism of the liberal definition increased, to the point that some theorists found it not very useful for the examination of contemporary contestation. This work examines the liberal theses on civil disobedience, through two of its most notorious formulators, Ronald Dworkin and John Rawls; analyzes recent phenomena of confrontation with order and philosophers critical of the liberal theory of civil disobedience, such as Robin Celikates and Candice Delmas and, finally, argues that, although with some limitations, the liberal framework of civil disobedience is still useful to illuminate the rich contesting scenario at the beginning of the century. Thu, 20 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/12182 2022-10-20T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11908 A práxis hermenêutica como responsabilidade ética Testa, Edimarcio Here, I argue that hermeneutic praxis is a responsible activity. The theme of responsibility is present in the hermeneutic reflections of Hans-George Gadamer, but in an unsystematic way. It is still the object of reflection on the part of some interpreters who, with the exception of Theodore George (2020), do not develop it enough. Both systematization and the broader development of ethical responsibility, in the activity of understanding and interpreting, help in their own understanding and lay the foundations for reflection on current practical problems that require, above all, the consideration of otherness, whether on a personal, social, political, cultural, or ecological level. In the context of Gadamer's hermeneutic thought, the interpreter's activity is defined as praxis, since his model is the Aristotelian phronesis of Nicomaqueia Ethics. After the establishment of the hermeneutic meaning of phronesis, compared to the Aristotelian meaning, I characterize hermeneutic praxis, based on its fundamental constitutive elements, as a mediating activity of the universal in the private sphere, guided by ethical knowledge, rooted in ethical life and in the dialogical process. I conclude by presenting five forms of responsibility that focus, respectively, on "choice", "response", "self-responsibility", "singularity" and "understanding" itself. I argue that, despite their peculiarities, these forms are based on the practical exercise of hermeneutics and are thus, permeated by it. With this, I take the assumption that they merge into the generality of the notion of hermeneutic praxis, as well as in the encounter with otherness, which gives them fundamentally an ethical character. Tue, 23 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11908 2022-08-23T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11873 A potência em Nietzsche e Agamben: aberturas da política e críticas à democracia liberal Junges, Márcia Rosane L'oggetto centrale di questa tesi è la categoria di potere in Friedrich Nietzsche e Giorgio Agamben e come le loro concezioni si traducono in critiche convergenti alla democrazia liberale e sulle diverse possibilità riguardo alla politica. Abbiamo esaminato il senso in cui la volontà di potenza e il potere del-non aprono lo spazio per farci ripensare ai limiti della democrazia rappresentativa liberale a partire dalla grande politica e dalla politica-che-viene. La nostra ipotesi è che ci sia un equilibrio tra le critiche che realizzano ai modelli politici ed alle democrazie liberali, anche se da diverse prospettive teoriche. Esiste un legame organico tra le nozioni di potere e le opinioni della politica, anche se la prospettiva di una possibile politica dipenda in gran parte dalla visione del potere che ogni filosofo ha disegnato. Abbiamo esplorato l'ipotesi che questa differenza riguardo al potere illustra le diverse posizioni in relazione alle possibilità della democrazia come regime di governo. Nel caso di Nietzsche, dal potere della natura, il filosofo conclude che la democrazia è un regime che nega questo tipo di potere rivendicando un'isonomia di soggetti che non esiste nel mondo immanente. Tuttavia, riteniamo che la sua trasvalutazione dei valori offra la possibilità di una rivitalizzazione politica attraverso l'elevazione della cultura e l'aristocrazia dello spirito, così come il prospettivismo considera l'agon uno spazio per le dispute democratiche. Nel caso di Agamben, quando si pensa al potere aristotelico come il potenzadi-non come possibilità di rottura, non nega l'ipotesi della democrazia come un regime di autogestione collettiva dei soggetti nella politica-che-viene. Tuttavia, crediamo che ci sia una tensione quando il pensatore equipara la politica-che-viene con la inoperosità e con la potenza destituente, dal momento che questi possono tra l’altro portare ad altre forme politiche che non sono necessariamente sovranedemocratiche o rappresentative. Le diverse concezioni riguardanti al potere e alla democrazia indicano i loro limiti e indicano altre forme di politica aperte alla sperimentazione e alla costruzione, non necessariamente quelle già note e sostenute dalla sovranità classica.; The main work of this thesis is the category of potency in Friedrich Nietzsche and Giorgio Agamben and how these conceptions results in convergent critics to liberal democracy and various possibilities on politics. We examined in which way the “Will to Power” and “Potency-of-not” open space to rethink liberal representative democracy limits from the great politics and coming-politics. Our hypothesis is that is a gap between the critics they realized to political models and to liberal democracies, even though from diferent teorical perspectives. There is an organic link between the potency notions and political views, being that the policy perspective depends, in a large part, on potency vision that each philosopher elaborated. We explored the hypothesis that this difference about potency illustrates the different positions in relation to possibilities of democracy as a government regime. In Nietzsche’s case, from the “Potency of nature”, the philosopher concludes that democracy is a regime that denies this kind of potency when pretends an isonomy of subjects that didn’t exists on imanent world. However, we think his transvaluation of values offers the possibility of a political revitalization beyond a cultural elevation and the aristocracy of spirit, even so the perspectivism glimpses the agon as a space to democratic disputes. In Agamben’s case, when he thinks the aristotelic potency as potency-of-not as a possibility of rupture, it doesn’t denies the hypothesis of democracy as a regime of collective self-management of people in coming-politics. However, we believe that is a tensioning when the thinker equals to coming-politics to inoperosity and to destituint potency, because these can result, including, in another political forms that aren’t necesserely sovereign-democratical or representatives. The distinct conceptions in relation to potency and democracy indicates their limits and point to anther political forms which are opened to experimentation and construction, which are not necessarely that ones based on classic sovereignt Wed, 19 Sep 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11873 2018-09-19T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11811 A filosofia na ciência cognitiva: a possibilidade de um projeto integrativo Sinigaglia, Bárbara Regina Klimiuk Cognitive science, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of cognitive science are research programs that contribute to bridging the gap between the human mind and the biological nature of life. They conform an investigative work for a greater understanding of the nature of the human mind and how the brain participates in cognitive phenomena. We show how philosophy enters the scientific research of cognitive phenomena with a focus on the philosopher Andy Clark and his pluralistic approach between cognitivist and embodied views. To this end, we make a panoramic presentation of the history of cognitive science, concerning the diversity of methodological proposals that make it up. We show the neuroscientific bases of this area, which were part of the causes that led cognitive science to overcome cognitivism in its traditional version and to think of cognition in an embodied, situated, enactive and distributed way. We examine the view of Clark, a philosopher in the theoretical debates of cognitive science that demonstrates, in his pluralistic philosophical practice, how philosophers are part of the investigative area of cognitive science, now widely highlighted in academia and research in general. Finally, we argue for the need for a pluralistic and contextualized approach to the current moment in cognitive science. Wed, 06 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11811 2022-04-06T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11491 Significados da secularização e lugar das religiões na esfera pública na perspectiva da cidadania complexa Decothé Junior, Joel Francisco The debate about the meaning of secularization and the place of religions in the modern public sphere is the central objective of this investigation. For this, I initially reconstituted the elucidative theoretical elements about the subject from the theories of Jürgen Habermas and Charles Taylor. From this, I took as contribution for the justification of my evaluation and position in this debate the notion of complex citizenship contributed by Adela Cortina as a complementary interpretation with the position of the philosophers mentioned above in the main philosophical discussion. In this context, the question that moves my argumentation in this research is the following: which are the meanings of the secularization and the place of religions in the modern public sphere at the light of Habermas, Taylor and Cortina? For this, in the first moment, I sought to rebuild some general constitutive premises about the meanings of secularization and the place of religions in the public sphere within the scope of the cultural secular tradition in the westerly modernity. Then, I introduced the analysis of Habermas position about the constellation and the place of religions in the modern post-secular sphere. After this, I rebuild the argument about the meaning of living in a secular era and the place of religions in the public sphere, according to Taylor. In sequence, I seek to comprehend Cortina’s positions about its conception of secular society and the place of religions in the public sphere inside the conceptual standard of complex citizenship. Lastly, I mainly study the ethical implications about the place of religions in the (post) secular public modern sphere, relating the nuances of Habermas position as the translation of the potential semantic content of the religious languages to the secular language models. I seek forward to understand Taylor’s position about plenitude as a designative meaning of life in a secular era. And, lastly, I explain the position which I associate myself conceptually in this debate, that is the proposal of civil ethics in the face of the religious sources, having as a foundation the perspective of complex citizenship as a conception with the objective of defending that this notion presents itself as the most adequate way, currently, of interpreting the challenges of the ways of constitution of complex citizen life, coexisting between religious and secular agents against the conflicting phenomenon of cultural and moral pluralism in the contemporary democracies of the western secularized modernity. Mon, 21 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/11491 2022-03-21T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/10828 A guerra civil como paradigma biopolítico de governo: conexões com o pensamento de Giorgio Agamben Peixoto, Erika Gomes Questa ricerca ha come tema centrale il paradigma della guerra civile, che è unico per comprendere le complesse relazioni tra il processo di politicizzazione della vita e il progetto di governamentalità in corso nella società odierna. L’indagine si svolge in dialogo con le riflessioni dell’autore italiano Giorgio Agamben, e con la ricerca svolta da Michel Foucault, al Collège de France, in cui di può pensare all’attuale problema bellico al di là delle norme del diritto internazionale, come una minaccia costante e illimitata, costituendo un vero e proprio dispositivo biopolitico per la gestione del complesso ordine mondiale in corso. La ricerca analizza come i progetto moderno, guidato da una ragione strumentale, fondata sull’ideale della pacificazione sociale, istituì in epoca westfaliana un nuovo signore della pace e della guerra: lo Stato. Questa spada da guerra ha trovato giustificazione nelle teorie di Jean Bodin e nella prospettiva contrattualistica di Thomas Hobbes. Il Leviathan, con la prerogativa di porre fine alla guerra di tutti contro tutti, diventa il portatore della spada della guerra e della giustizia. Tuttavia, questo ordinamento giuridico, postulando un’uguaglianza tra Stati, in una divisione tra nemici interni ed esterni, ha trovato, come ricorda Carl Schmitt, nel XX secolo, la sua crisi definitiva. Lo studio mostra come le guerra hanno perso la loro formalità legale e sono passate da azioni militari a semplici operazioni di polizia. Tali condizioni sono accompagnato dalla crisi delle categorie fondamentali dell’Occidente, che nella società odierna assumono un significato fugace, e dal prevalere di relazioni meramente economiche (oikonomiche), basate solo sullo statuto biologico. Non appena la vita in quanto tale è inserita nei calcoli del potere, la guerra civile assume la forma interna del terrorismo mondiale. Premesso quanto sopra, l’ipotesi principale di questa ricerca è pensare all’emergere della guerra civile, in modo connesso e correlato allo stato di eccezione, come dispositivo bio-necropolitico di governo della vita. Questo cambiamento nella direzione della belligeranza è stato largamente basato nella contemporaneità dalla retorica della “guerra al terrore”, il cui discorso criminalizzante ha rotto le barriere imposte dal diritto di guerra, operando una globalizzazione delle tecniche di controinsurrezione. Il principio di questo conflitto anomico, segnato dall’indeterminatezza giuridica, è il discorso della sicurezza, come motto per esercitare un controllo sempre maggiore sulla popolazione. L’inchiesta sottolinea che il paradigma dello Stato di sicurezza permette di comprendere più chiaramente la complessità di questa guerra civile contemporanea, che si muove attraverso gli ingranaggi di una macchina governativa, articolandosi tra due poli: sovranità e governo. Tra strategie di controllo, conduzione di condotte e pratiche di eccesso ed esplicita coercizione, sulla soglia tra concetti come guerra e pace, interno ed esterno, norma ed eccezione, la società contemporanea è segnata dall’avanzare di una guerra civile anomala, fuori dai parametri convenzionali, come pratica di polizia mondiale, di governo della vita su scala globale.; This research has as its central theme the paradigm of the civil war, unique for understanding the complex relationships that exist between the process of politicization of life and the governmentality project underway in today’s society. The investigation is carried out in dialogue with the reflections of the Italian author Giorgio Agamben, and with the research conducted by Michel Foucault, at the Collège de France, in which we can think of the current war problem beyond the norms of International Law, as a constant and unlimited threat, a real biopolitical device for managing the complex world order in progress. The research analyzes how the modern project, guided by an instrumental reason, based on the ideal of social pacification, instituted in the Westphalian era a new lord of peace and war: the State. This glaive of war found justification in the theories of Jean Bodin and in the contractualist perspective of Thomas Hobbes. The Leviathan, with the prerogative of ceasing the war of all against all, becomes the bearer of the sword of war and justice. However, this legal order, postulating an equality between States, a division between internal and external enemies, found, as Carl Schmitt points out, in the 20th century, its definitive crisis. The study shows how wars lost their legal formality and went from military actions to mere police operations. Such conditions are accompanied by the crisis of the fundamental categories of the West, which take on a fleeting meaning in our time, and by the prevalence of merely economic (oikonomic) relationships, based only on biological status. As soon as life as such is inserted into the calculations of power, civil war takes on the domestic form of world terrorism. Given the above, the main hypothesis of this research is to think about the emergence of civil war, in a way connected and correlated to the state of exception, as a bio-necropolitical device for governing life. These changes in the direction of belligerence were largely justifiable in contemporaneity by the rhetoric of the “war on terror”, whose criminalizing discourse broke the barriers imposed by the right of war, taking the form of a globalization of counterinsurgency techniques. The principle of this anomic conflict, marked by legal indeterminacy, is the discourse of security, as a motto to exert ever greater control over the population. The investigation points out that the paradigm of the security state allows us to understand more clearly the complexity of this contemporary civil war, which moves through the gears of a governmental machine, articulating itself between two poles: that of sovereignty and that of government. Amidst strategies of control, conduction of conduct and practices of excess and explicit coercion, on the threshold of indistinction between concepts such as war and peace, interior and exterior, norm and exception, contemporary society is marked by the progress of a civil war anomalous, outside conventional parameters, as a practice of world police, of governing life on a global scale. Thu, 21 Oct 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/10828 2021-10-21T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/10801 O jogo como modelo onto-cosmológico de compreensão filosófica Schuck, José Fernando The investigation discussed herein aims to defend the notion of play as a model and medial term of philosophical understanding, which is understood not only as a result of a “rational interpretation”, but of an “living experience”, acquired in the midst of the life-world. In this inquiry into play, the basic remaining question is whether self-constitution and self-regulation – dynamics of the phenomenon of play – can be understood in “correspondence” with an original and prevalent onto-cosmological play. In this investigative path, the main theoretical references will be, in a predominantly cosmological way, the philosophies of Heraclitus, Friedrich Nietzsche and Eugen Fink; and, in a predominantly ontological way, the approaches of Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer. As a preparatory path, we present in the first chapter the place of the play in the Greek world through agon and mimesis, remembering that these early conceptions ended up determining the way in which the game was received throughout the philosophical tradition. Also in the first chapter, we introduce Immanuel Kant’s “anthropological” interpretation that points out the human as a “co-player of the world”, a conception that guided Friedrich Schiller and his interpretation of aesthetic and ludic subjectivity as fundamental to the formation (Bildung) of our humanity. In the second chapter, we introduce the ludic/agonistic perspective present in Nietzsche’s thought, which repositioned ludus as reflecting an impulsive and irrational “world play” (Weltspiel), in which being is in correspondence to becoming. Also in the second chapter, we point to two paths that were consolidated in post-Nietzschean thought: one that resumes, from Nietzsche and Heraclitus, the cosmological perspective of a “world play”, and another that privileges the idea of ludus as reflecting a “play of being”. The third chapter initially introduces the Heideggerian interpretation of human existence (Dasein) that, in a condition of "being played" (geworfen) by Being, finds itself moved by a "disposition" (Stimmung) of play that enables it to understanding (Verstehen) and to "world formation" (Weltbildung). Such perspective reflects the hermeneutic proposal developed by Gadamer, who pointed out the "art of play" as a model for the "hermeneutic understanding" structured in its relation to "life-world" (Lebenswelt) and historical temporality. This last chapter is concluded with Fink's onto-cosmological approach, for whom playing constitutes a symbol and "cosmic metaphor" able to mediate the understanding of the emergence and disappearance of beings – and of the human itself – in the space and time of the world. For Fink, philosophizing enables us to "come out of ourselves" through which we self-understand our roles (Rollen) in the midst of the finite and intramundane space of play (Spielraum). Fri, 24 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/10801 2021-09-24T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/10373 Por uma ética estoica do aperfeiçoamento moral individual em direção ao comprometimento social Fontoura, Fernando Carbonell da Stoic ethics is part of an ethics of virtues, however, due to its historical moment and unique development within the philosophical schools of both classical antiquity and Hellenism, it proposes ways to see personal and social ethical development differently from other schools, both from his time, the Epicureans, and from classical antiquity, the Platonic/Aristotelian ethics. In the academic hegemony of Aristotle's ethics as an ethics of virtues, we will propose a stoic ethics that can dialogue both with other contemporary ethics – deontological and consequentialist – and show that it can face issues of an ethics of virtues from another perspective. In order to show the strength and breadth of Stoic ethics, we will not make comparisons between it and other ethics here, but we will outline its ethics on top of a moral issue that even today, in ethical and social discussions, appears as an aporia, the relationship between personal ethical development and consideration for others or the social. By developing this aporia within the concepts and horizons of Stoic ethics, we will give a broader view than what is often a poor or even wrong notion of Stoicism about its conceptions as a philosophical school. Although individual strength or autarkeia is one of the notions of Stoic ethical development, we will show how much this notion is embedded and supported by appropriate acts as social and how individual improvement leads to social commitment. Sat, 21 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/10373 2021-08-21T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9847 O experienciar poético como filosofia em Heidegger como um projeto de superação da racionalidade instrumental Azeredo, Jéferson Luís de This work aims to understand that the poetic experience occurs as a project to overcome instrumental rationality. The possibility of meditation based on poetic experience brings to light the philosophizing that puts being back as a central issue, opposing the objectification of life. The hermeneutic methodology used highlights the dialogue as a condition, by listening and silencing, the task of “reviewing” the history of culture centered on technique. Dialogue is established with three specialists, Willian Richardson, Marco Aurélio Werle and Benedito Nunes, in which it is emphasized that language occurs as a “place”, converging with Heidegger's philosophy. Once this question has been established, when we understand the relationship between poetry and philosophy, especially from Heidegger's encounter with Hölderlin's poetry, we access how the fundamental disposition is given as a possibility of being-jumping, which confers the condition of meditation and philosophize. The language is presented as "home" and then the one that denounces the dialogue, starting from listening and silencing, which leads the thought to a transformative experience beyond everyday speech. In the end, the aim is to experience poetry capable of making its own philosophical thought as a new possibility to reinstate the question of being and the truth of being. The possibility of an existence is reintroduced by the most original source, that of being itself, as a way of getting to know the world and ourselves, being a boldness of a first penetration in the scope of the history of being, not of history as a new "period", but as an exclusive framework different from current history. Thu, 06 May 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9847 2021-05-06T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9798 From consciousness to nothing Andrade, Bianca Lima da Silva What happens when consciousness fails to reach its full and supposedly “higher” level? How much consciousness must one have in order to be recognized as being “conscious”? Could we say that if an individual does not meet a basic standard of conscious activity then we cannot take her as a conscious being? What is sufficient to claim someone to be conscious, and how do we address the so-called “disorders of consciousness” without being unfair to the skills that are left? This work aims to discuss disorders of consciousness, using both philosophy of mind and practical knowledge in order to find a way to fairly treat and address patients that have not yet been diagnosed. To do this, this work will discuss disorders of consciousness, how they are diagnosed today and the main problems in clinical practice and observation. Then, it will investigate any external markers that could be strong indications of consciousness, and from there speculate what kind of thing consciousness is and what theories are being discussed to try to unveil consciousness itself. Finally, the conclusions will lead this work to discuss what we can do with the information that is available. In the final chapter, it will speculate whether there are any mathematical decision-making theories that could lead us to a final decision – the answer will be that this is not the best way to make decisions about disorders of consciousness, and therefore we must find a way to bring about ethical theories that will take into consideration a case-to-case scenario, respecting patient (or family) history and points of view. Mon, 29 Mar 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9798 2021-03-29T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9500 O ser humano e a arte de dar razões Braga, Viviane Zarembski The objective of this thesis is to understand exclusively human rationality as a natural phenomenon, being the result of a long evolutionary process. Rationality here is understood as the human capacity to give reasons to your actions, beliefs, wishes and goals. It is only possible because humans have a propositional language that allows them to distance themselves from the immediate situation, which provides greater flexibility in responses and behavior. To understand naturalized rationality, it is necessary to analyze it from two perspectives: from the perspective of the individual and from the perspective of the species. From the point of view of the species, the evolutionary process led - gradually - to the development of different capacities that culminated in the development of rationality, that are: individual, joint and collective intentionality, capacity for reading minds, development of a propositional language, formation of an objective perspective, construction of culture and morality. Cooperation and interaction were essential in this process. From the point of view of the individual, rationality and other skills related to it develop only if there is maturation and interaction and all of them continue to develop throughout life. Rationality is formed through life experiences, being influenced by culture, the environment and the interactions that take place with other beings; the body and affections are an essential part of this process. Because it is a continuous process, rationality can be perfected and improved, by searching for better and better grounded reasons, by constantly searching for the truth, by reflection, by self-reflection, by the attention given to experiences and by being open to other people's reasons. Wed, 30 Sep 2020 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9500 2020-09-30T00:00:00Z http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9499 David Hume e os ensaios sobre a felicidade : teoria das paixões aplicada às filosofias morais Oliveira, Roni Ederson Krause de This thesis objective to offer an original interpretation of essays XV, XVI, XVII and XVIII, written and published by the Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711-1776) in the work entitled Moral, political and literary essays (1742). Therefore, we approach not only the essays themselves, but other texts by the same author, which contain the elements of his philosophy and clarify them, in addition to consulting the texts of the scholars of these essays and Hume's philosophy in general. The work is divided into three moments. The first deals with Hume's philosophical project in general, exploring the most important aspects of his philosophy, which concern the theories of knowledge, passions and morals; the second performs a detailed interpretation of the essays on the philosophers, the main focus of this research, and finally, the third consists of the debate with some interpreters, where I try to defend and demonstrate my interpretation. Hume wrote these essays in the first person and each of them is associated with an Ancient philosophical school. But these schools adopt distinct and even antagonistic moral principles. Having written these essays in the first person, Hume seems to defend what he says. But this leads to an intriguing result, because apparently there is no way to reconcile the principles pertinent to each school. It is necessary to clarify the difference between the Humean philosophical proposal and the moral proposals of the sects. In this sense, we do not see these essays as unimportant in all of the Scottish philosopher's work. On the contrary, they are essays that help, once properly interpreted, to clarify the interpretative imbroglios of this philosophy. Tradition does not understand the meaning of these essays, much less manages to clearly define Hume's claims. The difficulty of understanding them properly is proportional to the difficulty of interpreting Hume's philosophy as a whole. Three trends of interpretation prevail over Hume's philosophy: one with skeptical bias, another naturalist and a third that seeks to reconcile the first two. These trends can be identified to some extent in the essays object of our study, whose results seek to contribute to the universal philosophical culture, based on the themes it raises and with the understanding of one of the most important philosophies in human history. Fri, 25 Sep 2020 00:00:00 GMT http://repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/9499 2020-09-25T00:00:00Z