Os efeitos heterogêneos das barreiras não tarifárias sobre as exportações latino-americanas de produtos agrícolas

Abstract

With the tariff reductions that have occurred in the last decades, both in developing and developed countries, non-tariff barriers have started to play an important role in international trade and have received more attention from institutions and commercial policy makers. The European Union has frequently used this trade policy instrument, especially in agricultural products, goods that Latin America is competitive. In this regard, this study analyses the impact of non-tariff barriers on imports from the European Union of agricultural products exported by Latin America, six-digit level of Harmonized System, in the period from 2010 to 2018. For this, the gravitational model was estimated using Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood and three effects. It was found that the non-tariff barriers that came into force between 2010 and 2018, on average, reduced exports from Latin America’s agricultural products by 62.2%. However, the restriction imposed by non-tariff barriers on Brazilian exports is greater than the average imposed on other Latin American countries. In addition, tariff and non-tariff barriers have asymmetric effects between the chapters of the harmonized system. These results are robust, since they are not conditioned to the model specification or inference made.