Flutuação populacional, variação morfométrica e assimetria flutuante em Pygoscelis papua, no arquipélago das Shetlands do Sul, Antártica

Abstract

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) breed from 46ºS to 65ºS. Despite its wide distribution are inshore consumers and non-migratory, have a high level of philopatry and populations are restricted to island breeding and foraging ranges and shown variations contrasting among populations. This thesis aims to: 1) to evaluate the breeding population size responses of the Gentoo penguin according to climate factor at Stinker Point, Elephant Island; 2) to identify the sexual dimorphism of size in the morphometric characteristics of male and female adult Gentoo penguins at Stinker Point, Elephant Island, compared with the technique of molecular sexing. Furthermore, to verify morphometric variation of the specie at three sites f the South Shetlands Archipelago and compare with literature data and 3) to quantify one kind of potential asymmetry in Gentoo penguins, breeding at Elephant and King George Islands and attempt to characterize their extremes of variation as a way of evaluating the current living quality of the environment. The breeding population size of Gentoo penguin responded significantly to the Antarctic Oscillation Index and the temperature anomaly during the early reproductive period. Probably by extreme climatic variations affecting the decision on breeding or skipping breeding in a given year. In the assessment of sexual dimorphism using morphometric characters, the bill length was the larger measure of sexual dimorphism (5.3%) and correctly classified 76.7% of the birds, were found females larger than males. Among the morphometric measurements analyzed, all showed differences among the sites of the South Shetlands Archipelago and Antarctic Peninsula. Given the limited accuracy of the discriminant function sexing and differences of these morphometric measurements according to the geographical area of Gentoo penguin, is necessary have caution to classify individuals based on a single assessment, so that the molecular sexing presented best result. For the type of asymmetry, the levels of asymmetry reflect a fluctuating asymmetry (FA) pattern, however no significant difference. Absence of high levels of observed FA in our study led us to think it indicates there are not sufficient cumulative levels of environmental stresses such that they might cause physiological disturbances and alter the homeostasis of normal development in this species in Antarctica.