Origens e trajetórias das instituições voltadas para migração: um estudo de municípios gaúchos

Abstract

In the last decade, Brazil has become a country that is a recipient of South-South migration, and the main nationalities come from countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, with a migratory profile of people in vulnerable and at risk when they arrive in the country. In 2017 there was the enactment of the Migration Law, innovating in the Brazilian legal system with the emphasis on human rights, establishing the National Policy for Migration, Refuge and Statelessness and reaffirming the condition of subject of rights and access to public services of the migrant population in Brazilian territory. Thus, this migration of "new faces" and new legal order have challenged the public authorities to institutional responses to the specific needs of the population, especially to municipalities – autonomous entities of the federation since 1988 – where these policies are provided. The focus of this work is therefore concentrated on the local governments of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the fourth state that receives the most South-South migratory flow, with the objective of analyzing the institutional responses to the migration problem. In a first phase, ten cities that have more migrants and refugees enrolled in the Single Registry were analyzed, in addition to Rio Grande, indicating the literature review by socio-state interactions. In the second, we sought to identify the existence of institutional expressions, new institutions and state capacities aimed at migrants and refugees in the cities of Canoas, Cachoeirinha, Esteio, Porto Alegre, Caxias do Sul and Passo Fundo. The research was based on the approach of historical neo-institutionalism and anchored in the categories state autonomy, sociogenesis and technicaladministrative and political-institutional state capacities. The qualitative methodology of case study was adopted, collecting evidence through documents, secondary data and semi-structured interviews. It is evident that Canoas, Cachoeirinha and Esteio constituted institutions to the migrant population through the autonomy of the State, without the participation of civil society; Caxias do Sul, through socio-state interactions and Porto Alegre and Passo Fundo, have not developed institutions for migration, where there is a transfer of state responsibilities to social actors in both cities. It is denoted that the autonomy conferred on the municipalities implied the diversity of institutional expressions and the development of technical-administrative and political-institutional capacities in the cities, which are incipient in the six municipalities. Limitations of human resources, budgets and lack of priority in 9 migration management are factors present in the territories. Given the obstacles experienced in the reception of migrants and refugees by the State, the existence of informal networks of social and public actors as a form of articulation for humanitarian responses is identified. Based on dialogues and formal connections, this network operates in facilitating case management between multiple actors. Furthermore, there is the development of specific actions by the municipalities, sewn out of institutional spaces, considered as underground policies elaborated by public actors in partnership with social actors for the benefit of the migrant population.